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Hypothesis is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between 2 or more variables. (independent and dependent variable) hypothesis is the formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population. (nancy burns) hypothesis : Derived from the Greek word 'Hypothenai' meaning 'to suppose or 'to propose'
Hypothesis is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between 2 or more variables. (independent and dependent variable) hypothesis is the formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population. (nancy burns) hypothesis : Derived from the Greek word 'Hypothenai' meaning 'to suppose or 'to propose'
Hypothesis is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between 2 or more variables. (independent and dependent variable) hypothesis is the formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population. (nancy burns) hypothesis : Derived from the Greek word 'Hypothenai' meaning 'to suppose or 'to propose'
Associate Professor MIMSCON Hypothesis Hypothesis Hypothesis : Derived from the Greek word Hypothenai meaning to suppose or to propose. Hypothesis Hypothesis (Plural. Hypotheses) is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between 2 or more variables. (independent and dependent variable).
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is the formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population.
(Nancy Burns)
Hypothesis.. Classification of hypothesis
Hypothesis Derivation Inductive Deductive Formulation Research Null Complexity Simple Complex
Cause and Effect Associative Causal Direction Directional Non directional Hypothesis Inductive : It begins with specific observations and move towards generalizations. It comes from observed relationships, critical thinking and personal experience of the researcher. Hypothesis Martha and Tom have elevated levels of serum creatinine, they are suffering from Renal Disease so all the, patients who have elevated creatinine level will have Renal Disease . Hypothesis Deductive : Deriving specific statements from general ideas, theories or principles. Hypothesis E.g: All the patients with Renal Disease have elevated Serum creatinine . So Martha and Tom also will have Renal Disease . Hypothesis Research hypothesis ( H 1 ): These are statements of expected relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
Hypothesis E.g: There will be a significant relationship between the level of serum creatinine and Renal diseases.
Hypothesis
Null or Statistical hypothesis ( H 0 ): It states that there is no relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
E.g: There will be no relationship between the level of serum creatinine and Renal diseases.
Hypothesis
Directional: Specifies the direction of the relationship with the dependent and independent variable. E.g: Patients with low level of serum albumin will have a high rate of infections than those who have normal level . Hypothesis
Non-directional : Do not specify the direction of relationship between variables. E.g: There will be a significant difference in rate of infections with patients who have low serum albumin level and have not .
Hypothesis Simple Hypothesis Predicts relationship with one Independent variable (Cause) and one Dependent variable(effect) . E.g. There will be significant relationship between intake of protein rich diet ( I.V) and the serum albumin level (D.V).
Hypothesis Complex Hypothesis Predicts Relationship between two or more independent variable and two or more dependent variable. E.g: Patients who consume low protein diet ( I.V) will have decreased level of serum protein (D.V) and increased rate of infections (D.V)
Associative hypotheses Propose relationships between variables - when one variable changes, the other changes. e.g. Compliance to antibiotics influences the response of bacteria to antibiotics .
Hypothesis Causal : It Indicate the cause and effect relationship between the Independent and Dependent variables. There will be a significant relationship between method of sterilization and destruction of spores.
Hypothesis Purpose of Research Hypothesis
1)To guide scientific inquiry
2) To provide direction to the research design and to the collection, analysis and interpretation of data and findings.
Hypothesis Purpose of Research Hypothesis
3)It inter connect variables of interest through statement of expected relationship with them.
4) Predicting the outcomes of a study by rejecting or accepting . Hypothesis Characteristic of a workable hypothesis
1) A good hypothesis should be justifiable. 2) It must be consistent with existing knowledge or practical experience and with logical reasoning. Criteria of to formulate hypothesis
Only one variable, condition or relationship should be included Only one statistical analysis should be addressed in each hypothesis. The variables, condition or relationship must be testable.
Hypothesis. Characteristics
Hypothesis are never proved or disproved but it is accepted or rejected, supported or not supported.
Hypothesis are evaluated with statistical analysis.
Hypothesis.. Derivation of hypotheses
No formal rules to derive hypotheses. Can be derived from theoretical systems, Personal experience with observation Reading related literature Discussion with experts and guides Inductive and deductive reasoning
Hypothesis A qualitative Study may generate hypotheses A quantitative study often tests them
Hypothesis testing Signifies the testing of one claim over the other. Steps of Hypothesis testing 1. State a null hypothesis There will be no significant difference between the mean Hb gm% in group I and the mean Hb gm% in group II Steps of Hypothesis testing 2 . Calculate the appropriate test satistic with the relevant formula There will be no significant difference between the mean Hb gm% in group I and the mean Hb gm% in group II Steps of Hypothesis testing 3. Fix up probability level ( P<0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001 Steps of Hypothesis testing 4. Calculate the degrees of freedom (d.f) In a 2 way table ( rows and columns), level of probability is taken as column wise and degrees of freedom row wise. e.g. doctor is fresh in the morning and check 1 st patient better than 2. etc Steps of Hypothesis testing 5. compare the calculated value of the test statistic with the table value and interpret
Errors in hypothesis testing Type I error ( ) error Rejection of a null hypothesis which is true. Type II error ( ) error Accepting a null hypothesis that is really false