UNIT - 5

FUNCTIONS AND POINTERS

FUNCTION
Functions is a sub-program that contains one
or more statements and it performs some task
when called.
Types
Functions
User-Defined
Functions
Pre-Defined
Functions
Pre-Defined Functions
The pre-defined functions or library functions
are built-in functions.
The user can use the functions, but cannot
modify the function.
Example: sqrt()
User-Defined Functions
The functions defined by the user for their
requirement are called user-defined functions.
Whenever it is needed, The user can modify
the function.
Example: sum(a,b)

Advantage of User-Defined Functions
The length of the source program can be
reduced.
It is easy to locate error.
It avoid coding of repeated instructions.
Elements of User-Defined Function
Function declaration
Function definition
Function call
Function
Syntax

datatype function_name (parameters list)
{
local variable declaration;

body of the function;

return(expression);
}

How Function Works
Once a function is called the control passes to
the called function.
The working of calling function is temporarily
stopped.
When the execution of called function is
completed then the control return back to the
calling function and execute the next
statement.
Parameters
Actual Parameter
These are the parameters transferred
from the calling function to the called
function.
Formal Parameter
These are the parameters which is used in
the called function.

return Statement
The return statement may or may not send
some values to the calling function.

Syntax:
return; (or)
return(expression);
Function Prototypes
Function with no arguments and no return
values.
Function with arguments and no return
values.
Function with arguments and return values.
Function with no arguments and with return
values.

Function with no arguments
and no return values
Here no data transfer take place between the
calling function and the called function.
These functions act independently, i.e. they
get input and display output in the same
block.
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main() //calling function
{
void add(void);
add();
}
void add() //called function
{
int a,b,c;
printf("\nEnter two number:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=a+b;
printf("\nSum is:%d",c);
}
Output

Enter two number:3
4

Sum is:7


Function with arguments
and no return values
Here data transfer take place between the
calling function and the called function.
It is a one way data communication, i.e. the
called program receives data from calling
program but it does not return any value to
the calling program.

Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
void add(int,int);
printf("\nEnter two number:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
add(a,b);
}
void add(int x,int y) //function with arguments
{
int z;
z=x+y;
printf("\nSum is:%d",z);
}
Output

Enter two number:2
4

Sum is:6



Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
void add(int a,int b);
printf("\nEnter two number:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
add(a,b);
}
void add(int x,int y) //function with arguments
{
int z;
z=x+y;
printf("\nSum is:%d",z);
}
Output

Enter two number:2
4

Sum is:6



Function with arguments
and return values
Here data transfer take place between the
calling function and the called function as well
as between called function and calling
function .
It is a two way data communication, i.e. the
called program receives data from calling
program and it return some value to the
calling program.

Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
int add(int,int);
printf("\nEnter two number:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=add(a,b);
printf("\nSum is:%d",c);
}
int add(int x,int y)
{
int z;
z=x+y;
return(z);
}
Output

Enter two number:6
7

Sum is:13

Function with no arguments
and with return values
Here data transfer take place between the
called function and the calling function.
It is a one way data communication, i.e. the
called program does not receives data from
calling program but it return some value to
the calling program.

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int add(),d;
d=add();
printf("\nSum is:%d",d);
}
int add() //function wit no argument
{ int a,b,c;
printf("\nEnter two number:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=a+b;
return(c);
}
Output

Enter two number:5
8

Sum is:13


Parameter Passing Methods
Call by value
Call by reference
Call by value
Actual argument passed to the formal
argument.
Any changes to the formal argument does not
affect the actual argument.
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,change(int,int);
printf("\nEnter value of x:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("\nEnter value of y:");
scanf("%d",&y);



change(x,y);
printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y);
}
int change(int a,int b)
{
int c;
c=a;
a=b;
b=c;
printf("\nValues in the Fuction -->x=%d,y=%d",a,b);
}

Output
Enter value of x:5

Enter value of y:6

Values in the Fuction -->x=6,y=5

Values in the Main()-->x=5,y=6


Call by reference
Instead of passing value, the address of the
argument will be passed.
Any changes to the formal argument will
affect the actual argument.
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,change(int*,int*);
printf("\nEnter value of x:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("\nEnter value of y:");
scanf("%d",&y);

change(&x,&y);
printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y);
}
int change(int *a,int *b)
{
int c;
c=*a;
*a=*b;
*b=c;
printf("\nValues in the Function -->x=%d,y=%d",*a,*b);
}

Output
Enter value of x:5

Enter value of y:6

Values in the Function -->x=6,y=5

Values in the Main()-->x=6,y=5


Recursion
It is a process of calling the same function
itself again and again until some condition
is satisfied.
Syntax:
func1()
{
..
func1();
}
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
int rec(int);
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("The factorial of %d! is %d",a,rec(a));
}
int rec(int x)
{
int f;
if(x==1)
return(1);
else
f=x*rec(x-1);
return(f);
}


Output:
Enter the number:5
The factorial of 5! is 120


Example: Working of 3!
Tower of Honoi

1
2
3
3 2
3
1 3
2
3
Tower of Honoi
1
2
3
3 2
3
1 3
2
3
Library Function
It is pre-defined function.
The library function provides functions like
mathematical, string manipulation etc,.

Example
sqrt(x):
It is used to find the square root of x
Example: sqrt(36) is 6
abs(x):
It is used to find the absolute value of x
Example: abs(-36) is 36
pow(x,y):
It is used to find the value of x
y
Example: pow(5,2) is 25
ceil(x):
It is used to find the smallest integer greater
than or equal to x

Example: ceil(7.7) is 8


rand():
It is used to generate a random number.
sin(x):
It is used to find the sine value of x
Example: sin(30) is 0.5
cos(x):
It is used to find the cosine value of x
Example: cos(30) is 0.86
tan(x):
It is used to find the tan value of x
Example: tan(30) is 0.577

toascii(x):
It is used to find the ASCII value of x
Example: toascii(a) is 97
toupper(x):
It is used to convert lowercase character
to uppercase.
Example: toupper(a) is A
toupper(97) is A
tolower(x):
It is used to convert uppercase character
to lowercase.
Example: tolower(A) is a


Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
{
int x,y=2;
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("\nThe squareroot of %d is %f",x,sqrt(x));
printf("\nThe value of %d power%dis%f ",x,y,pow(6,2));

printf("\nThe ceiling of 6.7 is %f",ceil(6.7));
printf("\nThe floor of 6.7 is %f",floor(6.7));
printf("\nThe absolute value of -6 is %d",abs(-6));
printf("\nThe value of sin 45 is %f",sin(45));
printf("\nThe uppercase of 'a' is %c",toupper('a'));
printf("\nThe uppercase of 97 is %c",toupper(97));
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the number:6

The squareroot of 6 is 2.449490
The value of 6 power 2 is 36.000000
The ceiling of 6.7 is 7.000000
The floor of 6.7 is 6.000000
The absolute value of -6 is 6
The value of sin 45 is 0.850904
The uppercase of 'a' is A
The uppercase of 97 is A

Array
An Array is a collection of similar data
items, that are stored under a
common name.
Types
One-Dimensional array
Two-Dimensional array
Multi-Dimensional array

One-Dimensional array
Array Declaration
Syntax:
data_type array_name[size];
Example: int x[3];
X[0]
X[1]
X[2]
x
Array initialization
At compile time
At run time
At compile time
Syntax:
data_type array_name[size]={variables};
Example: int x[3]={5,3,7};

5
3
7
X[0]
X[1]
X[2]
x
At Run time
Array can also initialize at the run time.
Example:
while(i<10)
{
if(i<5)
sum[i]=0;
else
sum[i]=sum[i]+i;
}
Example:

scanf(%d%d,&a*0+,&a*1+);
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x[2],i;
printf("\nEnter the inputs:");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
printf("\nThe value in x[%d] is %d",i,x[i]);
getch();
}

Output
Enter the inputs:3
6

The value in x[0] is 3
The value in x[1] is 6
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
char x[5]={'a','b','c','d','e'};
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("\nThe value in x[%d] is %c",i,x[i]);
getch();
}

Output
The value in x[0] is a
The value in x[1] is b
The value in x[2] is c
The value in x[3] is d
The value in x[4] is e

Two-Dimensional array
Array Declaration
Syntax:
data_type array_name[row_size] [col_size];
Example: int x[3][2];
X[0][0]
X[1][0]
X[2][0]
Col 0 Col 1
row 0
row 1
row 2
X[0][1]
X[1][1]
X[2][1]
Array Initialization
Syntax:
data_type array_name[row_size] [col_size];={variables};

Example: int x[2][2]={1,50,2,75};


int x[2][2]={ {1,50},
{2,75}
};

(or)

int x[ ][2]={ {1,50},
{2,75}
};


1 50
2 75
row 0
row 1
Col 0 Col 1
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
int x[2][2]={ {1,50},
{2,75}
};
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf("\nThe value in x[%d][%d] is %d",i,j,x[i][j]);
getch();
}
Output
The value in x[0][0] is 1
The value in x[0][1] is 50
The value in x[1][0] is 2
The value in x[1][1] is 75


Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
int x[][2]={ {1,50},{2,75},{3,65}};
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf("\nThe value in x[%d][%d] is %d",i,j,x[i][j]);
getch();
}
Output
The value in x[0][0] is 1
The value in x[0][1] is 50
The value in x[1][0] is 2
The value in x[1][1] is 75
The value in x[2][0] is 3
The value in x[2][1] is 65

Matrix Addition
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,r1,r2,c1,c2;
int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5];
clrscr();
step1:
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix A:");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix B: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2);
if((c1==c2)&&(r1==r2))
goto step2;
else
goto step1;

step2:
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix A \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix B \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
scanf("\t%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
}
printf("\n The resultant matrix after addition of A & B is\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}


Output
Enter the size of matrix A: 2
2
Enter the size of matrix B: 2
2
Enter the elements of matrix A
2
2
2
2
Enter the elements of matrix B
3
3
3
3
The resultant matrix after addition of A&B is
5 5
5 5
Matrix Multiplication
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,r1,r2,c1,c2;
int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5];
clrscr();
step1:
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix A \n");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix B \n");
scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2);
if(c1==r2)
goto step2;
else
goto step1;

step2:
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix A \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix B \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
scanf("\t%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}

for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<c1;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Output
Enter the size of matrix A:2
2
Enter the size of matrix B:2
2
Enter the elements of matrix A
4
4
4
4
Enter the elements of matrix B
4
4
4
4
The resultant matrix is
32 32
32 32


Enter the size of matrix A:2
3
Enter the size of matrix B:3
2
Enter the elements of matrix A
1
2
3
4
5
6
Enter the elements of matrix B
2
4
6
8
2
4

20 32
50 80


Passing array to Function
Here an array is transferred as parameter to a
function.
void main() void fun(n,b[])
{ {
void fun(int,int); int x,b[5];
int a[5],n; ..
..
fun(n,a);
}
}
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void add(int,int b[]);
void main()
{
int a[5],i,n;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the Number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter the Values: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
add(n,a);
}
void add(int x,int b[])
{
int sum=0,i;
for(i=0;i<x;i++)
sum=sum+b[i];
printf("\nThe sum is: %d",sum);
}

Output

Enter the Number: 5

Enter the Values: 1
2
3
4
5

The sum is: 15


Array of Characters
In array the characters are terminated by the
null (\0) character.
Example: char a[]={a,b,c};


a b c \0
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
char a[]="abcd";
clrscr();
while(a[i]!='\0')
{
printf("\t%c",a[i]);
i++;
}
}


Output
a b c d


Multi Dimensional Array
Syntax
datatype array_name [size1][size2].[size n]

datatype - type of the data.
array_name -name of the array.
size -size of the array.

Example:
int a[3][3][3];

Col 0 Col 1 Col 2
row 0
row 1
row 2
X[0][0]
X[1][0]
X[2][0]
X[0][1]
X[1][1]
X[2][1]
X[0][2]
X[1][2]
X[2][2]
String Functions
strlen()
It is used to find the length of the string.
syntax:
strlen(string)
strcpy()
It is used to copy one string to another.
syntax:
strcpy(string1,string2)
strcat()
It is used to combine two strings.
syntax:
strcat(string1,string2)




strcmp()
It is used to compare two strings.
syntax:
strcmp(string1,string2)
Returns 0 if two strings are equal.
Return value <0 if s1 is less than s2.
Return value >0 if s1 is greater than s2.
strrev()
It used to reverse a string.
syntax:
strrev(string)
strlwr(), strupr()
It used to change the case of a string.
syntax:
strlwr(string)
strupr(string)

strncpy()
It used to copy n characters of one string to
another.
strstr()
It is used to determine the first occurrence of a
given string in another string.
strncat()
It Appends source string to destination string
upto specified length.
strspn()
It is used t find upto what length two strings are
identical.
strncmp()
It is used to compare n character of two strings.
strcmpi()
It is used to compare two strings without regarding the case.
strnicmp()
It is used to compare first n characters of two strings
without regarding the case.
strchr()
It is used to determine the first occurrence of a given
character in a string.
strrchr()
It is used to determine the last occurrence of a given
character in a string.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="college";
int b;
clrscr();
b=strlen(a);
printf("\nThe length of the string is %d",b);
getch();
}

Output:
The length of the string is 7

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="IT";
char b[]="Dept";
clrscr();
strcpy(a,b);
printf("\nThe string is %s",a);
getch();
}

Output:
The string is Dept


Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="IT";
char b[]="Dept";
clrscr();
strcat(a,b);
printf("\nThe string is %s",a);
getch();
}

Output:
The string is ITDept
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="itdept";
char b[]="it";
int i;
clrscr();
i=strcmp(a,b);
if(i==0)
printf("\nstrings are equal:%d",i);
else if(i<0)
printf("\nstring1 is less than string2:%d",i);
else
printf("\nstring1 is greater than string2:%d",i);
getch();
}


Output:
string1 is greater than string2:100

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="itdept";
clrscr();
printf("\nThe string is :%s",a);
strupr(a);
printf("\nThe string after conversion to uppercase :%s",a);
strlwr(a);
printf("\nThe string after conversion to lowercase :%s",a);
getch();
}
Output
The string is :itdept
The string after conversion to uppercase :ITDEPT
The string after conversion to lowercase :itdept


Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="Dept";
clrscr();
printf("\nThe string is %s",strrev(a));
getch();
}

Output:
The string is tpeD

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="itdept";
char b[15];
int i=0;
clrscr();
strncpy(b,a,2);
b[2]='\0';
printf("\nThe string is :%s",b);
getch();
}
Output:
The string is :it


String Palindrome
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int len,i,j;
char str[15];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the string:");
scanf("%s",str);
len=strlen(str);

for(i=0,j=len-1;i<len/2;i++,j--)
{
if(str[i]!=str[j])
{
printf("\nThe String is not a palindrome");
getch();
exit(0);
}
}
printf("\nThe String is a palindrome");
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the string:abcba
The String is a palindrome

Enumerated Data Type
It is user defined data type.
The user can create their own data type and
define some values to the variables.
Syntax:
enum tag_name
{
enum1;
enum2;
.
};
Example
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
enum week {sun,mon,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat};
clrscr();
printf("\nMonday=%d",mon);
printf("\nSaturday=%d",sat);
getch();
}

Output:
Monday=1
Saturday=6
Example
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
enum week {sun=10,mon,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat};
clrscr();
printf("\nMonday=%d",mon);
printf("\nsaturday=%d",sat);
getch();
}

Output:
Monday=11
saturday=16
Structure
A Structure is a collection of different data
items, that are stored under a common name.
Syntax:
struct structure_name
{
structure element1;
structure element2;
.
};

Example:
struct stud
{
int sno;
char name[10];
int mark;
};

struct stud s;
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct stud
{
int regno;
char name[10];
int m1;
int m2;
int m3;
};
struct stud s;
void main()
{
float tot,avg;

printf("\nEnter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:");
scanf("%d%s%d%d%d",&s.regno,&s.name,&s.m1,&s.m2,
&s.m3);
tot=s.m1+s.m2+s.m3;
avg=tot/3;
printf("\nThe student Details are:");
printf("\n%d\t%s\t%f\t%f",s.regno,s.name,tot,avg);

}

Output

Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:100
aaa
87
98
78

The student Details are:
100 aaa 263.000000 87.666664


Structure assignment
It is possible to assign one structure
information to another structure of same type
using simple assignment statement.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
struct
{
int a;
}x,y;
clrscr();
x.a=10;
y=x;
printf("The value of y.a is%d",y.a);
getch();
}
Output

The value of y.a is10


Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct stud
{
int regno;
char name[10],grade;
int m1,m2,m3;
float avg,tot;
} s[10];
void main()
{
int i,n;
printf("\nEnter the no.of students:");
scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:");
scanf("%d%s%d%d%d",&s[i].regno,&s[i].name,&s[i].m1,
&s[i].m2,&s[i].m3);
s[i].tot=s[i].m1+s[i].m2+s[i].m3;
s[i].avg=s[i].tot/3;
if(s[i].m1<35||s[i].m2<35||s[i].m3<35)
s[i].grade='f';
else
{
if(s[i].avg>=75)
s[i].grade='d';
else if(s[i].avg>=60)

s[i].grade='A';
else if(s[i].avg>=50)
s[i].grade='B';
else if(s[i].avg>=35)
s[i].grade='C';
}
}
printf("\nSTUDENT MARK LIST\n");
printf("\nREGNO\tNAME\tTOTAL\tAvg\tGRADE");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n%d\t%s\t%f\t%f\t%c",s[i].regno,s[i].name,s[i].tot,
s[i].avg,s[i].grade);
getch();
}



Enter the no.of students:2
Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:101
aaa
89
98
78
Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:102
bbb
59
68
76
STUDENT MARK LIST

REGNO NAME TOTAL Avg GRADE
101 aaa 265.000000 88.333336 d
102 bbb 203.000000 67.666664 A



Union
An Union is a collection of different data items,
that are stored under a common name. Here
same memory is shared by its members.
Syntax:
union union _name
{
union element1;
union element2;

};

Example:
union result
{
int mark;
float avg;
char grade;

};

union result s;
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
union stud
{
int a;
char b[2];
};
void main()
{
union stud c;

c.a=256;
printf("\nc.a value is%d",c.a);
printf("\nc.b[0] value is%d",c.b[0]);
printf("\nc.b[1] value is%d",c.b[1]);
}

Output:
c.a value is256
c.b[0] value is0
c.b[1] value is1





256 = 00000010 00000000
Higher bit Lower bit
00000000 00000010
c.a - 2 Byte
c.b[0] 1 Byte c.b[0] 1 Byte
c.b[0] c.b[1]
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student
{
int a;
int b;
char c;
}s;
union student1
{
int a;
int b;
char c;
}s1;
void main()
{
printf("\nThe size of struct is %d",sizeof(s));
printf("\nThe size of union is %d",sizeof(s1));
getch();
}






Output:
The size of struct is 5
The size of union is 2


Structure & Union
int int char
2 Byte 2Byte 1Byte
2 Byte
structure
int ,int, char
union
Preprocessor
It is a program that processes the source
program before compilation.
It operates under the following directives
File Inclusion
Macro substitution
Conditional inclusion

File Inclusion
It is used to include some file that contains
functions or some definitions.
Syntax:
#include<filename> (or)
#includefilename
Eg: #include<stdio.h>
#include ex.c
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include "addition.txt"
void main()
{
int a,b;
printf("\nEnter the numbers:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("The Value is %d",add(a,b));
getch();
}

addition.txt
int add(int a,int b)
{
return(a+b);
}


Output

Enter the numbers:7
4
The Value is 11


Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include "fact.c"
void main()
{
int a;
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("The factorial of %d! is %d",a,rec(a));
getch();
}



fact.c
int rec(int x)
{
int f;
if(x==1)
return(1);
else
f=x*rec(x-1);
return(f);
}

Output
Enter the number:5
The factorial of 5! is 120


Macro Substitution
It is used to define and use integer, string, or
identifier in the source program
The three forms of macros are
Simple Macro
Argumented Macro
Nested Macro
Simple Macro
It is used to define some constants
Syntax
# define identifier string/integer
Eg:
#define pi 3.14
#define CITY chennai
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define pi 3.14
#define CITY "chennai"
void main()
{
printf("The Value is %f",2*pi);
printf("\nThe Value CITY is %s",CITY);
getch();
}

Output:
The Value is 6.280000
The Value CITY is chennai

Argumented Macro
It is used to define some complex forms in the
source program.
Syntax:
#define identifier (v1,v2,.) string/integer

Eg:
#define cube(n) (n*n*n)
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define cube(n) (n*n*n)
void main()
{
printf("The Value of 3 cube is %d",cube(3));
getch();
}

Output:
The Value of 3 cube is 27

Nested Macro
Here one macro is used by another macro.

Eg:
#define a 3
#define sq a*a
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define a 3
#define sq a*a
void main()
{
printf("The Value is %d",sq);
getch();
}

Output:
The Value is 9

Conditional Inclusion
It is used to include some conditional
statements.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define a 3
#ifdef a
#define c a+5
#endif
void main()
{
printf("\nThe value C is %d",c);
getch();
}

Output:
The value C is 8

Pointers
Pointer is a variable that contains the memory
address of another variable.
Example:
x=5

x Variable


1002 Address
5
Value
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x=5;
printf("\n The Address of x = %u",&x);
printf("\n The Value of x = %d",x);
}

Output
The Address of x = 8714
The Value of x = 5
Pointer Declaration
Syntax
data-type *pointer-name;

data-type - Type of the data to
which the pointer points.
pointer-name - Name of the pointer

Example: int *a;
Accessing Variable through Pointer
If a pointer is declared and assigned to a
variable, then the variable can be accessed
through the pointer.

Example:
int *a;
x=5;
a=&x;
Example

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x=5;
int *a;
a=&x;
printf("\n The Value of x = %d",x);
printf("\n The Address of x = %u",&x);
printf("\n The Value of a = %d",a);
printf("\n The Value of x = %d",*a);
}


Output

The Value of x = 5
The Address of x = 8758
The Value of a = 8758
The Value of x = 5

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int y=10;
int *a;
a=&y;
printf("\n The Value of y = %d",y);
printf("\n The Address of y = %u",&y);
printf("\n The Value of a = %d",a);
printf("\n The Address of a = %u",&a);
}

5001 10
8000
a y
5001
Variable
Value
Address
Output

The Value of y = 10
The Address of y = 5001
The Value of a = 5001
The Address of a = 8000

Null Pointer
A pointer is said to be null pointer if zero is
assigned to the pointer.

Example
int *a,*b;
a=b=0;
Pointer to Pointer
Here one pointer stores the address of
another pointer variable.

Example:
int x=10,*a,**b;
a=&x;
b=&a;

5001 10
8000
a x
5001
Variable
Value
Address
8000
9000
b
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10;
int *b,**c;
b=&a;
c=&b;
printf("\n The Value of a = %d",a);
printf("\n The Address of a = %u",&a);
printf("\n The Value of b = %d",b);
printf("\n The Address of b = %u",&b);
printf("\n The Value of c = %d",c);
printf("\n The Address of c = %u",&c);
}

Output
The Value of a = 10
The Address of a = 5001
The Value of b = 5001
The Address of b = 8000
The Value of c = 8000
The Address of c = 9000

Pointers and Functions
Call by Value
Call by Reference
Call by value
Actual argument passed to the formal
argument.
Any changes to the formal argument does not
affect the actual argument.
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,swap(int,int);
printf("\nEnter value of x:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("\nEnter value of y:");
scanf("%d",&y);



change(x,y);
printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y);
}
int swap(int a,int b)
{
int c;
c=a;
a=b;
b=c;
printf("\nValues in the Function -->x=%d,y=%d",a,b);
}

Output
Enter value of x:5

Enter value of y:6

Values in the Function -->x=6,y=5

Values in the Main()-->x=5,y=6



Call by reference
Instead of passing value, the address of the
argument will be passed.
Any changes to the formal argument will
affect the actual argument.
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,change(int*,int*);
printf("\nEnter value of x:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("\nEnter value of y:");
scanf("%d",&y);

change(&x,&y);
printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y);
}
int change(int *a,int *b)
{
int c;
c=*a;
*a=*b;
*b=c;
printf("\nValues in the Function -->x=%d,y=%d",*a,*b);
}

Output
Enter value of x:5

Enter value of y:6

Values in the Function -->x=6,y=5

Values in the Main()-->x=6,y=5


Pointer to Array
The elements of the array can also be
accessed through a pointer.

Example
int a[3]={2,3,7};
int *b;
b=a;
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3]={2,3,7};
int *b;
b=a;
printf("\n The Value of a[0] = %d",a[0]);
printf("\n The Address of a[0] = %u",&a[0]);
printf("\n The Value of b = %d",b);
}




8744 2
9000
b a[0]
8744
Variable
Value
Address
Output
The Value of a[0] = 2
The Address of a[0] = 8744
The Value of b = 8744

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5]={2,3,7,9,10};
int i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\n The Value of a[%d] = %d",i,a[i]);
printf("\n The Address of a[%d] = %u",i,&a[i]);
}
}
2 3 7 9 10
a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4]
8724 8726 8728 8730 8732
Array
Value
Address
Output
The Value of a[0] = 2
The Address of a[0] = 8724
The Value of a[1] = 3
The Address of a[1] = 8726
The Value of a[2] = 7
The Address of a[2] = 8728
The Value of a[3] = 9
The Address of a[3] = 8730
The Value of a[4] = 10
The Address of a[4] = 8732


Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
int i,sum=0;
int *b;
b=a;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
sum=sum + *b;
b++; //b=b+1
}
printf("\n The Sum is %d",sum);
}

Output
The Sum is 15

Pointer and Structures
Syntax:
struct structure_name
{
structure element1;
structure element2;
.
}variable,*ptr;

Example:
struct stud
{
int sno;
char name[10];
int mark;
};

struct stud *s;
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct stud
{
int regno;
char name[10];
int m1;
int m2;
int m3;
};
struct stud s;
struct stud *t;
void main()
{
float tot,avg;
t=&s;
printf("\nEnter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:");
scanf("%d%s%d%d%d",&s.regno,&s.name,&s.m1,&s.m2,&
s.m3);
tot=s.m1+s.m2+s.m3;
avg=tot/3;
printf("\nThe student Details are:");
printf("\n%d\t%s\t%f\t%f",s.regno,s.name,tot,avg);
printf("\n%d\t%s\t%f\t%f",t->regno,t->name,tot,avg);
}


Output

Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:1
aaa
76
89
76

The student Details are:
1 aaa 241.000000 80.333336
1 aaa 241.000000 80.333336

Command Line Argument
It allows the user to pass some information to
the program while running the program.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(int argc,char argv[])
{
printf("\n The Argument is %s",argv[0]);
getch();
}

Output
C:\tc>a
The Argument is C:\TC\A.EXE
String Palindrome
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[15],s2[15];
printf("\nenter the string:");
scanf("%s",s1);
strcpy(s2,s1);
strrev(s1);

if(strcmp(s1,s2)==0)
printf("\n The string is palindrome");
else
printf("\n The string is not a palindrome");
getch();
}

Output:
enter the string: aba

The string is palindrome

Developing a C Program
The Program development life cycle is
considered as a sequence of events by the
programmer to develop the program.
The Program development life cycle contains
the following phase
Program Design
Program Coding
Program Testing


Program Design
Analysing the problem
Algorithm development
Selection of conditional and control structure
etc,.
Program Coding
Documentation
Statement construction
Input and output format etc,.
Program Testing
It is the process of executing the program with
sample data

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define p 3.14
void main()
{
#ifdef p
printf("\nPentium");
#else
printf("\n Celeron");
#endif
printf("\nthe value is %f",2*p);
getch();
}

Output:
Pentium
the value is 6.280000


Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct stud
{
int regno;
char name[10];
int m1;
int m2;
int m3;
};
struct stud s;
void main()
{
float tot,avg;
int i;

printf("\nEnter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{

scanf("%d%s%d%d%d",&s.regno,&s.name,&s.m1,&s.m
2,&s.m3);
tot=s.m1+s.m2+s.m3;
avg=tot/3;
}
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
printf("%d\t%s\t%f\t%f",s.regno,s.name,tot,avg);
}

Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:100
aaa
78
67
98
101
bbb
80
90
75
101bbb 245.000000 81.666664
101bbb 245.000000 81.666664

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[15];
char *ptr, c = 'r';
strcpy(string, "This is a string");
ptr = strchr(string, c);
if (ptr)
printf("The character %c is at position: %d\n", c, ptr-
string);
else
printf("The character was not found\n");
return 0;
}

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="Dept";
int i=0;
clrscr();
while(a[i]!='\0')
{
printf("\nThe character is %c",a[i]);
i++;
}
getch();
}


The character is D
The character is e
The character is p
The character is t


Structure




Lab Exercise
C Programs
Function-with arg & return
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
int add(int,int);
printf("\nEnter two number:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=add(a,b);
printf("\nSum is:%d",c);
}
int add(int x,int y)
{
int z;
z=x+y;
return(z);
}
Output

Enter two number:6
7

Sum is:13

Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,change(int*,int*);
printf("\nEnter value of x:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("\nEnter value of y:");
scanf("%d",&y);

change(&x,&y);
printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y);
}
int change(int *a,int *b)
{
int c;
c=*a;
*a=*b;
*b=c;
printf("\nValues in the Function -->x=%d,y=%d",*a,*b);
}

Output
Enter value of x:5

Enter value of y:6

Values in the Function -->x=6,y=5

Values in the Main()-->x=6,y=5


Factorial-Recursive Fn
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
int rec(int);
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("The factorial of %d! is %d",a,rec(a));
}
int rec(int x)
{
int f;
if(x==1)
return(1);
else
f=x*rec(x-1);
return(f);
}


Output:
Enter the number:5
The factorial of 5! is 120


Example: Working of 3!
Matrix Multiplication
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,r1,r2,c1,c2;
int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5];
clrscr();
step1:
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix A \n");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix B \n");
scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2);
if(c1==r2)
goto step2;
else
goto step1;

step2:
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix A \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix B \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
scanf("\t%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}

for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<c1;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Output
Enter the size of matrix A:2
2
Enter the size of matrix B:2
2
Enter the elements of matrix A
4
4
4
4
Enter the elements of matrix B
4
4
4
4
The resultant matrix is
32 32
32 32



Lab Ex:9,Finding area, circumference
of circle
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int r;
float area,c;
clrscr( );
printf(" \nEnter the value of r:");
scanf("%d",&r);
area=3.14*r*r;
c=2*3.14*r;
printf(" \nThe area is :%f",area);
printf(" \nThe circumference is :%f",c);
getch( );
}

Output:
Enter the value of r:7

The area is :153.860001
The circumference is :43.959999


Lab Ex:9,Conversion of Celsius to
Fahrenheit
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
float c,f;
clrscr( );
printf(" \nEnter the value of c:");
scanf("%f",&c);
f=(c*1.8)+32;
printf(" \nThe Fahrenheit is :%f",f);
getch( );
}

Enter the value of c:35

The fahrenheit is :95.000000


Lab Ex:11,Arithmetic operations
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,d,e,f;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the values of A and B:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=a+b;
d=a-b;
e=a*b;
f=a/b;

printf("\nThe values of A + B:%d",c);
printf("\nThe values of A - B:%d",d);
printf("\nThe values of A * B:%d",e);
printf("\nThe values of A / B:%d",f);
getch();
}

Output
Enter the values of A and B:6
3

The values of A + B:9
The values of A - B:3
The values of A * B:18
The values of A / B:2

Lab.Ex13,Largest among 3 nos
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr( );
printf(" \nEnter the value of a:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf(" \nEnter the value of b:");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf(" \nEnter the value of c:");
scanf("%d",&c);
if((a>b)&&(a>c))
{
printf(" \nA is Big");
}
else
{
if(b>c)
printf(" \nB is Big");
else
printf(" \nC is Big");
}
getch( );
}

Output

Enter the value of a:5

Enter the value of b:7

Enter the value of c:3

B is Big


String Palindrome
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int len,i,j;
char str[15];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the string:");
scanf("%s",str);
len=strlen(str);

for(i=0,j=len-1;i<len/2;i++,j--)
{
if(str[i]!=str[j])
{
printf("\nThe String is not a palindrome");
getch();
exit(0);
}
}
printf("\nThe String is a palindrome");
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the string:abcba
The String is a palindrome

Lab.Ex:14,Quadratic Equation
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c,d,r1,r2;
clrscr( );
printf(" \nEnter the value of a:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf(" \nEnter the value of b:");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf(" \nEnter the value of c:");
scanf("%d",&c);
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d>=0)
{
r1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);

printf(" \nThe roots are %d,%d",r1,r2);
}
else
{
printf(" \nThe roots are imaginary");
}
getch( );
}


Output
Enter the value of a:1

Enter the value of b:4

Enter the value of c:4

The roots are -2,-2