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UNIT - II

TRANSFORMERS
Chetan Upadhyay

Introduction
A transformer is a static machines.
The word transformer comes form the word transform.
Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but is a device that
changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical
power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field,
without a change in frequency.
It can be either to step-up or step down.
Generation
Station
TX1 TX1
Distribution
s
TX1
TX1
Transmission
System
33/13.5k
V
13.5/6.6kV
6.6kV/415
V
Consumer
Chetan Upadhyay
Transformer Construction
Two types of iron-core construction:
a) Core - type construction
b) Shell - type construction

Core - type construction
Chetan Upadhyay
Transformer Construction
Shell - type construction
Chetan Upadhyay
Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses,
i.e. its winding has no ohmic resistance, no magnetic
leakage, and therefore no I
2
R and core loses.
However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in
practice.
Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer
will be used in characterized the practical transformer.

V
1
V
2

N
1
: N
2

E
1
E
2

I
1
I
2

V1 Primary Voltage
V2 Secondary Voltage
E1 Primary induced Voltage
E2 secondary induced Voltage
N1:N2 Transformer ratio
Chetan Upadhyay
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
Faradays Law states that,
If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly
proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect
of time.



If we have N turns of wire,


dt
t d
Emf V
ind ind
) ( u
= =
dt
t d
N Emf V
ind ind
) ( u
= =
Lenzs Law
Chetan Upadhyay
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
For an ac sources,
Let V(t) = V
m
sinet
i(t) = i
m
sinet
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
Then:
Therefore:


Thus:

t t
m
e sin ) ( u = u
t N
dt
t d
N Emf V
m
m
ind ind
e e
e
cos
sin
u =
u
= =
m m ind ind
fN N Emf V u = u = = t e 2
(max)
m
m m
rms ind
fN
fN N
Emf u =
u
=
u
= 44 . 4
2
2
2
) (
t e
Chetan Upadhyay
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
For an ideal transformer


In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the
output power, and this condition is said to ideal condition of a
transformer.






From the ideal transformer circuit, note that,


Hence, substitute in (i)
m
m
fN E
fN E
u ==
u ==
2 2
1 1
44 . 4
44 . 4
1
2
2
1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
I
I
V
V
I V I V
power output power Input
=
=
=
u u
(i)
2 2 1 1
V E and V E = =
Chetan Upadhyay
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation



a
I
I
N
N
E
E
Therefore = = =
1
2
2
1
2
1
,
Where, a is the Voltage Transformation Ratio; which will
determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up
or step-down
E
1
> E
2
For a >1
For a <1 E
1
< E
2
Chetan Upadhyay
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Rating
Transformer rating is normally written in terms of
Apparent Power.
Apparent power is actually the product of its rated
current and rated voltage.
2 2 1 1
I V I V VA = =
Where,
I
1
and I
2
= rated current on primary and secondary winding.
V
1
and V
2
= rated voltage on primary and secondary winding.

Rated currents are actually the full load currents in
transformer
Chetan Upadhyay
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example
1. 1.5kVA single phase transformer has rated
voltage of 144/240 V. Finds its full load current.
Solution

A I
A I
FL
FL
6
240
1500
45 . 10
144
1500
2
1
= =
= =
Chetan Upadhyay

Practical Transformer (Equivalent
Circuit)
V
1
= primary supply voltage
V
2
= 2
nd
terminal (load) voltage
E
1
= primary winding voltage
E
2
= 2
nd
winding voltage
I
1
= primary supply current
I
2
= 2
nd
winding current
I
1

= primary winding current
I
o
= no load current

V
1
= primary supply voltage
V
2
= 2
nd
terminal (load) voltage
E
1
= primary winding voltage
E
2
= 2
nd
winding voltage
I
1
= primary supply current
I
2
= 2
nd
winding current
I
1

= primary winding current
I
o
= no load current
V
1

I
1

R
1

X
1

R
C

I
c
X
m

I
m

I
o

E
1

E
2

V
2

I
1

N
1
: N
2
R
2

X
2

Load
I
2

Chetan Upadhyay

Single Phase Transformer (Referred to
Primary)
Actual Method

2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
' ' X a X OR X
N
N
X =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
' ' R a R OR R
N
N
R =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
V
1

I
1
R
1
X
1

R
C

I
c
X
m

I
m

I
o

E
1

E
2

V
2

I
2
N
1
: N
2
R
2


X
2


Load
I
2

a
I
I
aV V OR V
N
N
V E
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
'
2 1
'
'
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Chetan Upadhyay
Single Phase Transformer (Referred to
Primary )
Approximate Method
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
' ' R a R OR R
N
N
R =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
' ' X a X OR X
N
N
X =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
V
1

I
1
R
1

X
1

R
C

I
c
X
m

I
m

I
o

E
1

E
2

V
2

I
2

N
1
: N
2
R
2

X
2


Load
I
2

a
I
I
aV V OR V
N
N
V E
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
'
2 1
'
'
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Chetan Upadhyay
Example Problem
1. A 10 kVA single phase transformer 2000/440V has
primary resistance and reactance of 5.5O and 12O
respectively, while the resistance and reactance of
secondary winding is 0.2O and 0.45 O respectively.
Calculate:
i. The parameter referred to high voltage side and
draw the equivalent circuit
ii. The approximate value of secondary voltage at full
load of 0.8 lagging power factor, when primary
supply is 2000V
Chetan Upadhyay
Example 1 (Cont)
Solution
R
1
=5.5 O, X
1
=j12 O
R
2
=0.2 O, X
2
=j0.45 O
i) Refer to H.V side (primary)


R
2
=(4.55)
2
(0.2) = 4.14O,
X
2
=j(4.55)
2
0.45 = j9.32 O

Therefore,
R
01
=R
1
+R
2
=5.5 + 4.13 = 9.64 O
X
01
=X
1
+X
2
=j12 + j9. 32 = j21.32
O

V
1

aV
2

R
01
X
01

21.32 9.64
I
1

Chetan Upadhyay
Example 1 (Cont)
A
V
VA
I
FL
5
2000
10 10
3
1
=

=
Solution
ii) Secondary voltage
p.f = 0.8
Cos u = 0.8
u =36.87
o

Full load,
From eqn
o
o o
o o
V
V j
aV I jX R V
8 . 0 6 . 422
) 55 . 4 ( ) 87 . 36 5 )( 32 . 21 64 . 9 ( 0 2000
) )( ( 0
2
2
2 1 01 01 1
Z =
+ Z + = Z
+ Z + = Z u
Chetan Upadhyay
Transformer Losses
Generally, there are two types of losses;
i. Iron losses :- occur in core parameters
ii. Copper losses :- occur in winding resistance

i. Iron Losses

ii Copper Losses
circuit open c c c iron
P R I P P = = =
2
) (
02
2
2 01
2
1
2
2
2 1
2
1
) ( ) ( ,
) ( ) (
R I R I P ref erred if or
P R I R I P P
cu
circuit short cu copper
= =
= + = =
Chetan Upadhyay
Transformer Efficiency
To check the performance of the device, by
comparing the output with respect to the input.
The higher the efficiency, the better the system.

% 100
cos
cos
% 100
% 100 ,
2 2
2 2

+ +
=

+
=
=
cu c
losses out
out
P P I V
I V
P P
P
Power Input
Power Output
Ef f iciency
u
u
q
% 100
cos
cos
% 100
cos
cos
2
) (
) (

+ +
=

+ +
=
cu c
n load
cu c
load full
P n P nVA
nVA
P P VA
VA
u
u
q
u
u
q
Where, if load, hence n = ,
load, n= ,
90% of full load, n =0.9
Where Pcu = Psc
Pc = Poc
Chetan Upadhyay
Voltage Regulation
The purpose of voltage regulation is
basically to determine the percentage of
voltage drop between no load and full
load.
Voltage Regulation can be determine
based on 3 methods:
a) Basic Defination
b) Short circuit Test
c) Equivalent Circuit

Chetan Upadhyay
Voltage Regulation
(Basic Definition)
In this method, all parameter are being referred
to primary or secondary side.
Can be represented in either
Down voltage Regulation
% 100 .

=
NL
FL NL
V
V V
R V
Up Voltage Regulation

% 100 .

=
FL
FL NL
V
V V
R V
Chetan Upadhyay
Tap Changer
A transformer tap is a connection point
along a transformer winding that allows a
certain number of turns to be selected.

By this means, a transformer with a
variable turns ratio is produced, enabling
voltage regulation of the output. The tap
selection is made via a tap changer
mechanism.
Chetan Upadhyay
Three Phase Transformers

3 single phase transformers connected together
1.Star/Delta winding arrangements
2. Easy to replace failed units
Common core device
1. Lighter and cheaper than 3 individual units
2. 6 rather than 12 external connections
3. Whole transformer must be replaced if single
winding fails .

For both cases analysis procedure identical!

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