ZOO Intro S1/Soelih/Jan-2009 1

KHI 323
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN
DEPARTEMEN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VETERINER
A.T. SOELIH ESTOEPANGESTIE
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINISI
WHO 1966 Those diseases & infections which are
naturally transmitted between vertebral
animals
Since 90s Those disease & infections which are
naturally present in vertebral animals & man
They involve all types of agents: bacteria, parasites, viruses and
unconventional agents






AGENT
Inf, non inf, toxin
DISEASE/ INFECTION
ZOO Intro S1/Soelih/Jan-2009 3
INDONESIAs OIE Official Delegate

Director General of Livestock Services
Ministry of Agriculture
Building C, 6th Floor
Jl. Harsono - RM. No. 3 Gedung C
Pasar Minggu
Jakarta 12550
ZOO Intro S1/Soelih/Jan-2009 4
THE MEANING OF ZOONOSES
FOR A VPH PRACTITIONERS
1. Epidemiology of communicable diseases which
are transmitted from vertebrate animals to man
2. Control management of zoonoses
Over 200 ZOONOSES have been described since many
centuries 90 % are from animal origin
HOW IMPORTANT ? 1. Dangerous
2. Economic losses
3. Effect to the public
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CLASSIFICATION
I. SOURCE 1. ANTHROPOZOONOSES : VERTEBRATE MAN
2. ZOOANTHROPONOSES : VERTEBRATE MAN
3. AMPHIXENOSES : VERTEBRATE MAN

II. LIFE CYCLE OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT 1. DIRECT ZOONOSES
2. CYCLO ZOONOSES
3. META ZOONOSES
4. SAPRO ZOONOSES

III. CAUSATIVE AGENT 1. BACTERIOSES
2. MYCOSES
3. CHLAMYDIOSES & RICKETTSIOSES
4. VIROSES
5. PARASITIC DISEASES
6. PRION DISEASES

ZOO Intro S1/Soelih/Jan-2009 6
DIRECT ZOONOSES
CYCLO ZOONOSES
META ZOONOSES
SAPRO ZOONOSES
LIFE CYCLE OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT
VERTEBRATE-1
VERTEBRATE VERTEBRATE
VERTEBRATE-2
VERTEBRATE-3
VERTEBRATE
VERTEBRATE
VERTEBRATE VERTEBRATE
MECHANICAL VECTOR
invertebrate
invertebrate
invertebrate
invertebrate
invertebrate
invertebrate
ZOO Intro S1/Soelih/Jan-2009 7
World Organization for Animal Health
HQ in Paris
The OIE counts 167 Members
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In 1920 RINDERPEST occurred unexpectedly in
Belgium, as a result of zebus, originating from India
and destined for Brazil, transiting via the port of
Antwerp
Despite the inevitable slowness of the negotiations
undertaken through diplomatic channels, twenty-
eight States obtained an "international agreement" on
25 January 1924. The ratification of this 1924
Agreement creating the Office International des
Epizooties (OIE) based in Paris eflects a desire clearly
expressed by the Secretary General of the League of
Nations.
The International Committee of the Office held its first
General Session on 8 March 1927. Twenty-six
Delegates were present.
SHORT HYSTORY - 1
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The United Nations, which replaced the League of
Nations in 1945, established two specialist
Agencies:
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) in 1946
the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948.
Their aims partially covered those of the Office
The presence of these two Agencies called the
existence of the OIE into question and the
possibility of simply dissolving the organisation
was envisaged in 1946, and again in 1951.
Thanks to the opposition of numerous OIE
Member Countries and Delegates, the functions
of the Office were kept alive
SHORT HYSTORY - 2
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1952 Official agreement between the OIE and the
FAO
After the signing of the Treaty of Rome establishing
the European Community in 1957, the OIE lent its
support to the first attempts to harmonise animal
health legislation within the Community.
1960 Official agreement between the OIE and the
WHO
1924 2004 : The OIE counts 167 Members
2004 New Official agreement between the OIE and
the FAO

SHORT HYSTORY - 3
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On 30 January 1928, the first Conference met in
Geneva. Consisting of eight experts, it no
established the bases for an international
sanitary police. This latter stated that "only
sanitary documents emanating from nations with
correctly organised veterinary services can be
considered as providing importers with sufficient
guarantees".
SHORT HYSTORY - 4
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Old Classification of Diseases Notifiable to the OIE
List A
Transmissible diseases that have the potential for very serious and
rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, that are of serious
socio-economic or public health consequence and that are of major
importance in the international trade of animals and animal products.


Foot and mouth disease
Swine vesicular disease
Peste des petits
ruminants
Lumpy skin disease
Bluetongue
African horse sickness
Classical swine fever
Newcastle disease

Vesicular stomatitis
Rinderpest
Contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia
Rift Valley fever
Sheep pox and goat pox
African swine fever
Highly pathogenic avian
influenza
Updated: 25/01/2005
ZOO Intro S1/Soelih/Jan-2009 13
List B
Transmissible diseases that are considered to be of socio-economic
and/or public health importance within countries and that are
significant in the international trade of animals and animal products.

Multiple species diseases
Anthrax
Aujeszky's disease
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis
Heartwater
Leptospirosis
New world screwworm
(Cochliomyia hominivorax)
Old world screwworm (Chrysomya
bezziana)
Paratuberculosis
Q fever
Rabies
Trichinellosis
Cattle diseases
Bovine anaplasmosis
Bovine babesiosis
Bovine brucellosis
Bovine cysticercosis
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine tuberculosis
Dermatophilosis
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Infectious bovine
rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular
vulvovaginitis
Malignant catarrhal fever
Theileriosis
Trichomonosis
Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted)
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Sheep and goat diseases
Caprine and ovine brucellosis
(excluding B. ovis)
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
Contagious agalactia
Contagious caprine
pleuropneumonia
Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine
chlamydiosis)
Maedi-visna
Nairobi sheep disease
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis)
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis
Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis)
Scrapie
Equine diseases
Contagious equine metritis
Dourine
Epizootic lymphangitis
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern
and Western)
Equine infectious anaemia
Equine influenza
Equine piroplasmosis
Equine rhinopneumonitis
Equine viral arteritis
Glanders
Horse mange
Horse pox
Japanese encephalitis
Surra (Trypanosoma evansi)
Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis
List B
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Swine diseases
Atrophic rhinitis of swine
Enterovirus encephalomyelitis
Porcine brucellosis
Porcine cysticercosis
Porcine reproductive and respiratory
syndrome
Transmissible gastroenteritis
Avian diseases
Avian chlamydiosis
Avian infectious bronchitis
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
Avian mycoplasmosis (M. gallisepticum)
Avian tuberculosis
Duck virus enteritis
Duck virus hepatitis
Fowl cholera
Fowl pox
Fowl typhoid
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro
disease)
Marek's disease
Pullorum disease
Lagomorph diseases
Myxomatosis
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease
Tularemia
Bee diseases
Acariosis of bees
American foulbrood
European foulbrood
Nosemosis of bees
Varroosis
List B
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Fish diseases
Epizootic haematopoietic
necrosis
Infectious haematopoietic
necrosis
Oncorhynchus masou virus
disease
Spring viraemia of carp
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
Mollusc diseases
Bonamiosis (Bonamia exitiosus,
B. ostreae, Mikrocytos roughleyi)
Marteiliosis (Marteilia refringens,
M. sydneyi)
Mikrocytosis (M. mackini)
MSX disease (Haplosporidium
nelsoni)
Perkinsosis (Perkinsus marinus,
P. olseni/atlanticus)

Crustacean diseases
Taura syndrome
White spot disease
Yellowhead disease

Other List B diseases
Leishmaniosis
List B
Intro to Zoonoses
Definition
Importance
Etiologies
Animal Examples
Transmission Routes
Life Cycles

Zoonoses
From the Greek:
Zoon: Animal
Noson: Disease

Diseases and infections which are
naturally transmitted between vertebrate
animals and humans
- WHO 1959

Zoonoses
Does NOT include
Fish and reptile toxins
Allergies to vertebrates
Diseases in which animal-derived food serves
as a vehicle (e.g. hepatitis A contaminated
deli meat)
Experimentally transmitted diseases

Zoonoses
> 250 zoonotic diseases
60% of US Household have 1 pet
Multiple pets in the home
Human-animal bond
Exotic species as pets


Zoonoses: Common Diseases
Frequency (CDC, 2003)
Salmonella 39,919
Lyme disease 18,991
West Nile (CNS) 2,862
Trichinosis 4


Zoonoses
Spectrum of Disease Severity
Death = rabies
Severe illness = plague
Chronic illness = Q-fever
Mild illness = psittacosis

Zoonoses: Importance
Economics
Zoonotic disease are expensive
Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis
GI illness due to Salmonella or Campylobacter
lost productivity, medical costs
Import/Export
BSE restriction on cattle
Avian Influenza restriction on chicken
Travel/Globalization
Decreased transit time - SARS
Remote area accessibility

Zoonoses: Importance
Surveillance
Animals are sentinels

Prevention and Control
Animal = key component
Complications (e.g. Lyme disease)
Unknown reservoirs (e.g. Ebola)

Zoonoses: Etiologic
Classification
Viral
Bacterial
Parasitic
Mycotic
Dunne - CIDP
January 18,
2005
Zoonoses: Viral Examples
Colorado tick fever Japanese encephalitis
Ebola Monkeypox*
Equine encephalitides
(WEE, EEE, VEE)
Nipah*
Hantaviruses Rabies*
Hendra* Rift Valley fever
Herpesvirus B West Nile virus*
Influenza Yellow fever
* indicates covered in lectures
Dunne - CIDP
January 18,
2005
Zoonoses: Bacterial Examples
Anthrax* Plague*
Brucellosis* Psittacosis*
Campylobacteriosis* Q fever*
Cat-scratch disease* Relapsing fevers
Leptospirosis* Salmonellosis*
Listeriosis* Tularemia*
Lyme disease* Yersiniosis
* indicates covered in lectures
Dunne - CIDP
January 18,
2005
Zoonoses: Parasitic Examples
PROTOZOAL HELMINTHIC
Trypanosomiasis Baylisascariasis*
Babesiosis Cysticercosis
Cryptosporidiosis* Hydatidosis
Leishmaniasis Schistosome dermatitis
Giardiasis* Trichinosis*
Toxoplasmosis* Visceral larva migrans
and toxocariasis*
* indicates covered in lectures
Zoonoses: Mycotic Examples

Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis
Cryptococcosis*
Dermatophytosis*
Histoplasmosis
Sporotrichosis
* indicates covered in lectures
Zoonoses: Animal Species
Dogs & Cats
Rabies
Roundworm
Ringworm
Lyme Disease (dogs only)
Cat Scratch Disease (cats only)
Food Animals
Salmonella
E.coli
Brucellosis
Zoonoses: Animal Species
Birds:
Psittacosis
West Nile
Cryptococcus
Reptiles, Fish, &
Amphibians
Salmonella
Mycobacterium
Wild Animals
Hantavirus
Plague
Tularemia
Routes of Transmission
Direct
Droplet or Aerosol
Oral
Contact
Indirect
Foodborne
Water-borne
Fomite
Vector-borne
Environmental



Zoonoses - Life Cycle

ORTHOZOONOSES
May be perpetuated in nature by a
single vertebrate species
E.g. rabies, brucellosis, anthrax


Zoonosis: Rabies Life Cycle
Virus
inoculation
(bite)
Salivary
gland
excretion
Zoonoses - Maintenance Cycle
CYCLOZOONOSES
Requires more than one vertebrate
species but no invertebrate host
Most are cestodiases (tapeworm
diseases)
Taenia saginata and T. solium require
man to be one of vertebrate hosts
Others, such as hydatidosis, man is
accidentally involved

Life Cycle:

Zoonoses - Life Cycle
METAZOONOSES
Require both vertebrates and invertebrates to
complete transmission
All arboviral infections
West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis
Some bacterial diseases
Plague, many rickettsia
Some parasitic diseases
Leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis
Zoonoses: Metazoonoses

Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes
Vertebrate Host: Birds
Incidental Hosts:
HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other mammals

Risk Factors
Companion Animal
Dogs & roundworm
Rats & Rat Bite Fever
Occupational
Animal control workers & rabies
Wildlife biologists & hantavirus
Foodborne
Raw meat & E.coli
Unpasteurized dairy & Listeria

Risk Factors
Recreational Activities
Camping & Lyme disease
Farm Settings
Sheep & Q-fever
Cattle & Cryptosporidium
Travel
Maylasia & Nipha
Australia & Hendra

Reportable Diseases of Animals
By veterinarian or other individual
Reported to CA Department of Health Services
Plague
Rabies
Reportable to the CA Department of Food and
Agriculture
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Glanders
Listeriosis
Rabies in livestock
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
West Nile
And more