2005/2006 I.

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 1

Directional valves
Classification schemes:
1. Spool valves or poppet valves
2. Switching or continuously adjustable valves
3. Number of ports and positions
4. The kind of governing and positioning unit
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 2
Directional valves
1. Spool valves or poppet valves:
Spool valves

Poppet valves








have always leakages can be totally sealed
need relatively large displacements
because a positive overlap is needed for
sealing
need smaller displacements to let
fluid through
preferred in all other cases because of
their flexibility and lower price
preferred for large flow rates
need radial and axial
pressure relief,

2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 3
Directional valves
2. Switching or continuously
adjustable valves:
Directional valves work either in certain switching positions or they are
continuously adjustable.
Latter by electrohydraulic or electric governing units.
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 4
Directional valves
3. Number of ports and positions:
Two positions Three positions
Basic symbols
4/3 valve with ports, operation
positions and governing elements
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Directional valves
4. Kind of governing and positioning unit:
By hand, electrically or electrohydraulically
Cross-section:
Symbol:
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Electrically governed continuously adjustable valves
Servo valves:
Servo valves
Proportional valves
They are able to govern a very large output power with a very small input power.
Large masses have to be moved in a short time against varying forces to precise
positions.
These valves are very expensive because they have to be manufactured with very
high accuracy.
Because of this, their operation is also expensive, because the fluid has to be very
well filtered.
They have usually two (for very large flow rates three) amplifying stages.
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 7
Servo valves
Double nozzle impinging plate (bridge circuit):
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+ +

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= A
2
0
2
0
0
1 1
1
1 1
1
s
s
s
s
p p
0 0
s s s s s
User
s
0
-s
s
0
+s
s
Q
2
Q
1
Q
U
Q
U
Q
01
p
1
Q
01
p
0
p
2
0
p
p A
0
s
s
1
0,8
-1
-0,8
Linear part in
the middle
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 8
Servo valves
Operation:
If there is no current, there is no displacement, the valve body is kept in the middle.
If there is current, the iron core is displaced and the impinging plate that is rigidly
coupled with it is also displaced and a pressure drop is created.
Note that there is a small negative overlap, the manufacturing must be very good.
There must always be a flow.
Disadvantage: it is difficult to hold the zero position, because of dry friction or
contamination.
Solution:


There are also three-stage servo valves.
They are used for very large powers.
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 9
Continuously adjustable valves
Proportional valves:
Continuously adjustable proportional magnets are able
to adjust continuously and precisely the position of a
directional valve.
The magnetic force is proportional to the current and
nearly independent of the position.
The core reaches out far from the coil.
They might be connected with a position control, where
hysteresis effects are smaller.
They are often used for flow rate control
but all pressure valves can work with a proportional
magnet instead of a spring.
They are more precise.
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Accessories
Liquid reservoir:
Tasks:
Storing of necessary liquid volume
Conducting heat away from the system
De-airing of the liquid (large surface, long stay of the liquid)
Separation of condensed water
Carrying element of other system components (pumps, valves, pipes,
etc.)
Pipes:
Steel of flexible hoses.
Key point: sealing
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Accessories
Filter:
Surface filter
Volume filter an order of magnitude
better but not cleanable
It can be before the pump, after the pump, before every sensitive elements or
in the back flow line.
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System concepts
Delivering of liquid by:
Flow sources
Pressure sources
In case of flow sources normally for each actuator a separate source.
One pressure source can deliver several actuators parallel.
Pressure source should not be controlled by restriction valves because the losses
will be then too high. *
Better is to control by adjusting the displacement volume of the actuator.
It can happen with a hydromotor easily but for a hydraulic cylinder one needs a
hydraulic transformer.
This is called secondary control.
* exp. on next slide
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 13
System concepts
Cont.
* Basically there are two main subgroups:
1. The pressure is always constant
In this case the main task is to find a control system to change the flow rate
for the oscillating flow rate needs of the actuators.
Various control mechanisms can be used here
2. The pressure is not constant
- Secondary control (see previous page)
- Load sensing control (much more complicated)
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 14
System concepts
Constant pressure sources:
- Pump with pressure relief valve: not very effective lot of lost energy.
- The displacement volume or the rotational speed of a pump can be
controlled by measuring the pressure. In fact flow rate control but
indirectly pressure control.
The constant valve is for safety: it limits the maximum possible flow rate through
the system and prevents a breakdown of the pressure. These valves are all between
the actuator and the reservoir. This has the advantage that the actuator is between
two liquid columns that are both under pressure.
VDr = Restriction valve
VW = direction valve
- All three versions have a 4/3 valve
- All three versions have two restriction valves, one constant and one
adjustable
Position drives:
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System concepts
Drives
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Constant pressure sources
Position drives:
With the adjustable resistance the velocity can be
controlled:
a) Is a simple circuit. Problem is drifting in
the holding position since the spool valve
has a leakage.
b) Solves this problem by putting a 2/2 directional valve before the 4/3
valve. This seals perfectly. In addition, a double check valve prevents
the cylinder from moving.
c) Is even better. It allows a very accurate positioning. The directional
valve 1 has the job to switch between a creeping mode and a normal
speed mode. From the creeping mode it is easy to stop accurately.
Hold: 1
Normal speed: 2
Creeping speed: 0
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 17
Constant pressure sources
Velocity drives:
VW = directional valve
EV = fast forward
ER = fast backward
AV = working forward
AR = working backward
VSZ = flow control valve
VDr = restriction valve Simpler circuits can be derived. If for example no
working backward mode is needed then VW4 and
VSZ1 can be omitted.
If the working velocity is so small that the flow rate is
around the leakage flow rate, large errors occur. In this case
spool valves may not be applied, instead pilot operated
check valves.
Directional valve positions
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 18
Constant pressure sources
Force drives:
Holding of work pieces, lifting of weights, forming of materials
a) Simple circuit without adjustment of force. Why
is it a constant force drive? Because the pressure
pushes the cylinder as long to the right as there
is no equilibrium with the spring force.
b) Force adjustable with a pressure relief valve.
c) Large force. Force is adjustable in two stages.
d) Weight balancing, not adjustable.
e) Weight balancing with two-stage adjustability.
a) b) c)
d)
e)
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Big pictures
End of normal presentation
Beginning of big pictures
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Directional valves
Spool valves pressure relieves
1 axial, 2 axial
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Directional valves
Spool valves - overlaps
O > 0 O = 0 O < 0
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Directional valves
Spool valves
Centred by springs
Pneumatically operated
Hydraulically operated
Spool types With two switching positions and latch
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Directional valves
Spool valves
Electro-hydraulicaly
governed, centred by
spring
Electro-hydraulicaly
governed , centred by
pressure
Back
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Directional valves
Spool valves
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Directional valves
Spool valves
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Directional valves
Spool valves
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Directional valves
Spool
valves
-
spool
types
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Directional valves
Spool
valves
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Directional valves
Spool valves
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Directional valves
Spool
valves
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Directional valves
Spool valves
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Directional valves
Poppet valves
With one ball
1 - ball 2 - spring 3 - poppet
4 - housing 5 lever ? 6 operating pin ?
7 - ball 8 - poppet
Electrically governed 3/2 poppet valves
With two ball
Ball Taper Plate
Back
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 33
Directional valves
Poppet valves
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 34
Directional valves
Poppet valves
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Directional valves
Poppet valves
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Directional valves
Number of ports and positions:
a) 2/2
b) 3/2
c) 4/3
d) 5/3
e) 5/3
f) 4/3
g) 6/3
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Directional valves
5/3 valves:
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 38
Directional valves
Number of ports and positions:
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Directional valves
Number of ports and positions:
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 40
Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 41
Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 42
Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 43
Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:
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Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 45
Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 46
Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:
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Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:
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Servo valves
Construction
Torque motor
Permanent magnets
Iron core with coils tube
Bending tube
Double nozzle impinging plate
Return springs
Spool valve
Constant restrictions
User
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Servo valves
Positioning with
spring
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Servo valves
Positioning
with spring
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Servo valves
Positioning with
spring
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Servo valves
Positioning with inductive device
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Servo valves
Three
stage
servo
valve
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Servo valves
Three stage servo valve
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Proportional valves
Proportional directional valve
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Proportional valves
Proportional directional valve
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Proportional valves
Proportional
directional valve
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Proportional valves
Proportional flow rate
valve
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Proportional valves
Proportional flow rate
valve
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Proportional valves
Proportional pressure valve
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Proportional valves
Proportional
pressure
valve
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Accessories
Filters
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Accessories
Filters
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Accessories
Filters
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Accessories
Filters
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Accessories
Filters
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Accessories
Filters
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Accessories
Filters
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System concepts
Positioning drives
Against bumpers Drift-free holding of
the cylinder
Positioning out of
creeping motion
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System concepts
Positioning drives
Against bumpers Drift-free holding of
the cylinder
Positioning out of
creeping motion
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Velocity drives
Circuit plan
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Velocity drives
Directional valve positions
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Velocity drives
Modification for
very low
working speeds
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Force drives
Without adjustment of force
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Force drives
Force adjustable with
pressure relief valve
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Force drives
Force is adjustable in two
stages
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Force drives
Weight balancing, not adjustable
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Force drives
Weight balancing with two-stage adjustability