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This document discusses various aspects of water treatment processes, including flocculation and sedimentation. It provides details on:
1) Types of flocculation mechanisms and design criteria for flash mixers and flocculators such as detention time, velocity gradients, and dimension of paddles.
2) Factors that influence particle settling in sedimentation tanks such as particle size and density, water viscosity and temperature, surface loading rate, and tank hydraulics.
3) Common types of sedimentation tanks like horizontal and vertical flow tanks along with their inlet/outlet designs and sludge removal methods.
This document discusses various aspects of water treatment processes, including flocculation and sedimentation. It provides details on:
1) Types of flocculation mechanisms and design criteria for flash mixers and flocculators such as detention time, velocity gradients, and dimension of paddles.
2) Factors that influence particle settling in sedimentation tanks such as particle size and density, water viscosity and temperature, surface loading rate, and tank hydraulics.
3) Common types of sedimentation tanks like horizontal and vertical flow tanks along with their inlet/outlet designs and sludge removal methods.
This document discusses various aspects of water treatment processes, including flocculation and sedimentation. It provides details on:
1) Types of flocculation mechanisms and design criteria for flash mixers and flocculators such as detention time, velocity gradients, and dimension of paddles.
2) Factors that influence particle settling in sedimentation tanks such as particle size and density, water viscosity and temperature, surface loading rate, and tank hydraulics.
3) Common types of sedimentation tanks like horizontal and vertical flow tanks along with their inlet/outlet designs and sludge removal methods.
Baffled chamber flocculator CLARI-FLOCCULATOR Temp (C) Density (kg/m 3 ) 100 958.4 80 971.8 60 983.2 40 992.2 30 995.6502 25 997.0479 22 997.7735 20 998.2071 15 999.1026 10 999.7026 4 999.9720 0 999.8395 10 998.117 20 993.547 30 983.854 The density of water in kilograms per cubic metre (SI unit) at various temperatures in degrees Celsius. The values below 0 C refer to supercooled water. Density of water (at 1 atm) Drag force and Coefft. Of Drag 1. In fluid dynamics, drag (fluid resistance) refers to forces that oppose the relative motion of an object through a fluid.
2. The drag equation calculates the force experienced by an object moving through a fluid at relatively large velocity (i.e. high Reynolds number,R e > ~1000)
3. The power required to overcome the aerodynamic drag is given by: 4. Power = Drag force X Velovity
5. In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient s a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment such as air or water. 6. It is used in the drag equation, where a lower drag coefficient indicates the object will have less aerodynamic orhydrodynamic drag. The drag coefficient is always associated with a particular surface area. [1]
S. N o Parameters Flash Mixer Flocculator 1. Detention time 20- 60 s 10 - 40 min 2. Tank depth 3 4.5 m 3 4.5 m 3. Peripheral velocity of paddles (paddle tip vel.) 1.75 2 m/s 0.2 0.6 m/s 4. Velocity gradient, G
> 300 (1/s)
10 75 (1/s) DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FLASH MIXER & FLOCCULATOR S.No Parameters Value 1. Detention time 10 - 40 min 2. Tank depth 3 4.5 m 3. Total area of paddles 10 25% of CS area of tank 4. Peripheral velocity of paddles 0.2 0.6 m/s 5. Velocity gradient, G
In tapered flocculation, I stage II stage III stage 10 75 (1/s)
For Alum coagulants For Ferric coagulants 10 4 - 10 5
2 6 x 10 4
1 1.5 x 10 4
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MECHANICAL FLOCCULATOR S.No Parameters Value 7. Power consumption 10 36 KW/MLD 8. Velocity of flow:
i) From rapid mixing unit to flocculator
ii) Through flocculation basin
iii) From flocculation basin to settling tank through pipe or channel (to prevent settling or breaking of flocs)
0.45 0.9 m/s
0.2 0.8 m/s
0.15 0.25 m/s Step 1 Design of Influent Pipe Assume velocity of flow through pipe and use continuity eqn. to find Diameter of pipe V = 1 m/s (assume) Q = A V 255.1 (m 3 /h)= (D 2 /4) (1 x 3600) D = 0.24 m Provide an influent pipe of 300 mm diameter. Step 2 Design of flocculator 1) Assume G & t, calculate Gt. 2) If Gt is ok, calculate volume of flocculator (V = QxDT) 3) Assume water depth & from volume, obtain plan area of flocculator (V = A x Depth) 4) From area of flocculator, obtain tank diameter.
Step 2 Design of flocculator Provide a tank diameter of 6.6 m. G = 40 (1/s) (assume) t = 20 min (assume) G t = = 40 (1/s) (20 x 60) (s) 4.8 x 10 4 (Hence Ok) V = = 255.1 (m 3 /h) (20/60) (h) 8.5 m 3
Water depth = 2.5 m (assume) Plan area of floccualator = 8.5/2.5 = 34 m 2 Let D = Diameter of flocculator D p = Diameter of inlet pipe /4 (D 2 D p 2 ) = 34 m 2
D = 6.58 m Step 3 Dimensions of Paddles Approach:
1) Calculate power input to flocculator (P = G 2 V)
2) Calculate area of paddles (P = C D A p V r 3 ) 3) Check total area of paddles = 10 25% of CS area of tank.
4) Find out no. of paddles & paddle dimension (HeightxWidth)
5) Find out no. of shafts to support paddles.
6) Calculate the distance of shaft from the center line of flocculator
7) Calculate the distance of paddle edge from the center line of vertical shaft (V = 2 rn/60), assume no. of revolutions of paddles.
Step 3 Dimensions of Paddles 8) Assume velocity of water below partition wall between Flocculator & clarifier and use continuity eqn (Q = A V) for calculating Area of opening required below the partition wall. Finally calculate depth below partition wall.
9) Calculate depth to be provided for sludge storage (as 25% additional depth)
10)Calculate total depth of tank at partition wall, assuming free board. Total Area of Paddles (A p ) Provide a tank diameter of 6.6 m. P =
=
P = G 2 V
(0.89x10 -3 ) (40) 2 (x6.6 2 x2.5/4)
122 W P = C D A p V r 3
C D =
1.8 (assume) @ 25 C =
997 Kg/m 3 V r = (0.75 x Vel. Of tip of blades) Vel. Of tip of blades = 0.4 m/s (assume)
V r = = 0.75 x o.4 0.3 m/s 122 W = x 1.8 x 997 x A p x (0.3) 3 A p = 5.04 m 2
Total Area of Paddles (A p ) CS Area of flocculator = (6.6 0.3) 2.5 (Total area of paddles / CS Area of tank) =
=
5.04 / (6.6 0.3) 2.5
10.2% (Hence ok) Provide 8 no. of paddles of height 2 m & width 0.32 m Total Area of Paddles (A p ) No. of shafts = 2 (each shafts will support 4 paddles) Dis. Of shaft from centre line of flocculator =
=
(6.6 0.3) / 4
1.58 m n (paddles) = 4 rpm Dis. Of paddle edge (r) from center line of vertical shaft, V =
0.4 =
r =
2rn / 60
2r4 / 60
1 m Total depth of tank @ partition wall Vel. Of water below partition wall bt. Flocculator & clarifier =
0.3 (m/min) (assume) Area of opening required below partition wall, Q =
250 (m 3 /h)=
A =
A V
A x (0.3x60) (m/h)
13.9 m 2 Depth below partition wall = = 13.9 / (x6.6) 0.67 m Depth provided for sludge storage = =
Total depth of tank assuming a free board of 0.3 m = = 0.25 x 2.5 (25% extra) 0.63 m
0.3+2.5+0.67+0.63 4.1 m Design of Clarifier 1) Assume SLR, calculate Dia. Of clariflocculator 2) Calculate length of weir & check weir loading rate. SLR = 40 m 3 /m 2 /day (assume) SA of clarifier = = (255.1 (m 3 /day) x 24) / 40 (m 3 /m 2 /day) 153.06 m 2 /4 (D cf 2 6.6 2 ) = 153.06 m 2
D cf = 15.44 m Length of weir = = x 15.44 48.53 m Weir loading =
=
< 255.1 x 24 (m 3 /day) (1/48.53 (m) )
126 .2 (m 3 /day.m)
300 (m 3 /day.m) (OK) SEDIMENTATION It is the separation from water by gravitational settling of SS that are heavier than water.
The most commonly used in water treatment.
Factors influencing settling are:
1) Size, shape, density & nature of particles 2) Viscosity, density & temp. of water 3) SLR 4) Velocity of flow 5) Inlet and outlet arrangements 5) Detention time 6) Effective depth of settling zone TYPES OF SS 1. Finely divided silt, silica & clay having specific gravity ranging from 2.65 for sand, 1.03 for flocculated mud particles containing 95% water.
2. Alum & Iron flocs, specific gravities range from 1.18 - 1.34
3. Precipitated crystals of calcium carbonate, obtained from lime soda softening. Their specific gr. is 2.7 with particle size 15 20 m SETTLING VEL. OF DISCRETE PARTICLES The following equations may be used in arriving at settling vel. Of discrete spherical particles: 1) Stokes law (Laminar):
V s = g/18 (( s )/) d 2 ) , N R = 1, 0.1 mm particle size
2) Hazens (Transition):
V s = [4/3 (g/C D (( s )/)] 0.5 , N R = 1 1000, 0.1 1mm particle size
3) Newtons (Turbulent):
V s = [3.3 g (( s )/) d ] 0.5 , N R = 10 3 10 4 , greater than 1 mm particle size
SETTLING VEL. OF DISCRETE PARTICLES C D -> dimensionless drag coefficient
C D = (24/N R ) + (3/N R ) + 0.34
N R = Reynolds No. = V s d/ (dimensionless) Types of tanks Horizontal flow tanks or vertical flow tanks on the basis of direction of flow of water in the tanks.
Rectangular, Square, Circular in plan.
Horizontal flow tanks 1) Radial flow circular tank with central feed: -> Water enters at the centre of the tank -> Through openings in the circular well in the centre of the tank, it flows radially outwards in all directions equally. -> Horizontal vel. decreases as water flows towards periphery -> sludge is taken to central sump mechanically
2) Radial flow circular tanks with peripheral feed: -> Water enters the tank from periphery
3) Rectangular tanks with longitudinal flow
4) Rectangular tanks with longitudinal flow where sludge is mechanically scrapped to sludge pit located near influent end. Vertical flow tanks They combine sedimentation with flocculation.
They are square or circular in plan
Influent enters bottom of the unit, where flocculation takes place
Upflow vel. decreases with increased CS area of the tank.
There is a formation of blanket of floc through which rising floc must pass.
It is also known as Sludge Blanket Clarifier.
The clarified water is withdrawn through circumferential weir. CLARI-FLOCCULATORS 2 Or 4 flocculating paddles placed.
The paddles rotate on their vertical axis.
Paddles may be rotor-stator type, rotating in opposite direction around this vertical axis.
Clarification unit is served by inwardly raking rotating blades.
Flocculated water passes out from bottom of flocculation tank to clarifying zone through a wide opening, the area of opening being large enough to maintain a very low velocity.
Clear effluent overflows into the peripheral launders. Tank Dimensions Rectangular tank upto 30 m length.
L to W ration = 3:1 to 5:1
Circular tanks upto 60 m in dia are in use, but upto 30 m better to reduce wind effects.
Square tanks upto 20 m
Depths = 2.5 5 m (preferably 3 m)
Bottom slopes vary from 1% in rectangular tanks to 8% in circular tanks.
The slopes of sludge hoppers range from 1.2:1 to 2:1 SLR & DT
TANK TYPE
SLR (m 3 /m 2 /d)
DT (h)
Particles normally removed Range Typical value for design
V-notches attach to sides of troughs and are placed 150 300 mm c/c
Weir length relative to surface area determines strength of outlet current.
Normal weir loadings are upto 300 m 3 /d/m Sludge removal Sludge is normally removed under hydrostatic pr. through pipes.
Pipe dia = 200 mm or more (for non-mechanized units) = 100 200 mm (for mechanized units)
Floor slope = shall not be flatter than 1 in 12 (for circular tanks with scrapper) = 1 in 10 (for manual cleaning)
Scrapping mechanism is rotated slowly to complete 1 revolution in 30 40 min Tip vel. Of scraper should be 0.3 m/min or below Power requirements are 0.75 W/m 2 of tank area Settling tanks are capable of giving settled water having turbidity not exceeding 20 NTU, preferably < 10 NTU Presedimentation & Storage DT = 0.5 3 h
High SLR = 20 80 m 3 /m 2 /d Tube Settlers Settling of basin is dependent on SA, independent of depth.
Very small dia tubes inserted in the basin provide laminar flow conditions.
Such tube settling devices provide excellent clarification with DT equal to or less than 10 min
Tubes cab be horizontal or steeply inclined.
In tubes inclined @ 60, sludge will not slide down the floors.
Tubes may be : Square, Rectangular, Triangular, Circular, Hexagonal, Diamond shaped
Thin plastic sheet (1.5 mm) black in color Settling Tank Efficiency The of basins is reduced by currents induced by inertia of incoming water, wind, turbulent flow, density & temp gradients. Such currents short circuit the flow.
The of real basin,
Y/Y o = 1 [1+(nV o /(Q/A))] -1/n
Y/Y o -> of removal of suspended particles
-> Coeff. that identifies basin performance
V o -> Surface overflow rate for ideal settling basin
Q/A -> Required surface overflow rate for real basin to achieve an of Y/Y o for given basin performance
Settling Tank Efficiency Values of n:
n = 0 for best performance = 1/8 for very good performance = for good performance = for ave. performance = 1 for very poor performance
A well designed tank should be capable of having a volumetric of atleast 70%
To achieve better clarification, flow regime in settling basin should be as close as possible to ideal plug flow.
A narrow and long rectangular tank approximates plug flow conditions than peripheral feed circular tank & centre feed radial flow tank.
Design of Radial Circular Settling Tank Design a secondary circular settling tank to remove alum floc with following data.
1) Ave. output from settling tank = 250 m 3 /h 2) Amt. of water lost in desludging = 2% 3) Ave. design flow = (250/98%)x100% = 255.1 m 3 /h 4) Min. size of alum floc to be removed = 0.8 mm 5) Sp.gr. Of alum floc = 1.002 6) Expected removal of alum floc = 80% 7) Assumed performance of settling tank = very good (n = 1/8) 8) Kinematic viscosity of water @ 20 C = 1.01x10 -6
m 2 /s Design of Radial Circular Settling Tank Approach:
1) Using Stokes law calculate settling vel. Of particles (V s ) & check N R <1. If N R exceeds 1, Hazens formula could be used.
2) Calculate decreased SLR (Q/A)
3) Using decreased SLR, calculate SA & Tank dia. Assume DT & calculate depth.
4) Check for weir loading rate Design of Radial Circular Settling Tank Step 1: Calculate Settling vel. Of particles:
= 0.55 < 1 (Hence Stokes law applicable) Design of Radial Circular Settling Tank Step 2: Calculate SLR:
V s = V o (for ideal basin for complete removal)
=
6.91 x 10 -4 (m/s) = 59.7 (m/d)
Due to short-circuiting, basin is reduced & decreased SLR (i.e Q/A) is calculated as,
Y/Y o = [1 [1+(nV o /Q/A)] -1/n
Y/Y o = 0.8
n = 1/8
V o = 59.7 m/d
Q/A = 33.49 m/d (OK, since it is within design range of 30 40 m 3 /m 2 /d)
Design of Radial Circular Settling Tank Step 3: Determine Dimensions of Tank:
SA of tank, A = Q/(Q/A)
= (255.1x24)/33.49
= 182.8 m 2
Tank dia. = 15.26 m
DT = 2.5 h (assume)
Depth = (255.1 x 2.5) / 182.8 = 3.5 m Design of Radial Circular Settling Tank Step 4: Check for Weir loading:
Weir length = Periphery of tank = x 15.25 = 47.94 m
Weir loading = (255.1 x 24) / 47.94 = 127.7 m 3 /d/m < 300 m 3 /d/m , hence OK Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tank 1. Desired ave. outflow settling tank = 250 m 3 /h
2. Water lost in desludging = 2%
3. Design ave. flow = (250/98%) x 100% = 255.1 m 3 /h
4. Min. size of particle to be removed = 0.02 mm
5. Expected removal of min. particle size = 75%
6. Nature of particles = Discrete & Non-flocculatig
7. Sp. Gravity of particles = 2.65
8. Assumed performance of settling tank = good (n = )
9. Kinematic viscosity of water @ 20 C = 1.01 x 10 -6 (m 2 /s) Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tank 1) Calculate settling vel. Of min. size particles:
Vs = (g(S s 1) d 2 ) / 18
= (9.81(2.65-1)(0.02x10 -3 ) 2 )/(18x1.01x10 -6 )
= 3.56 x 10 -4 (m/s)
N R = V s d /
= (3.65x10 -4 )(0.02x10 -3 )/(1.01x10 -6 )
= 704 x 10 -3 < 1 (OK) Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tank 2) Calculate decreased SLR:
V s = V o (Theoretical SLR for 100% removal)
= 3.65 x 10 -4 m/s
= 30.76 m/d
Y/Y o = 0.75
n =
Q/A = 18.53 (m/d)
= OK (since within design range of 15 30 m 3 /m 2 /d)
Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tank 3) Determine Dimensions of Tank:
SA, A = Q/(Q/A)
= (255.1x24) / 18.53
= 330.4 m 2
L/W = 4 (assume) W = 9.09 m L = 36.36 m DT = 4 h (assume)
Depth = (QxT) / A
= (255.1 x 4)/(36.36 x 9.09)
= 3.09 m
Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tank 4) Influent Structure:
It consists of an influent channel, submerged orifices & baffles in front of orifices.
Provide 0.6 m wide & 0.6 m deep influent channel that runs across the width of the tank.
Provide 4 submerged orifices (0.2m x 0.2m) in the inside wall of an influent channel to distribute the flow uniformly into basin.
A baffle of 1 m deep is provided at a distance of 1 m away from orifices to reduce turbulence. Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tank Effluent Structure:
It consists of effluent weir, effluent launder, outlet box & outlet pipe.
Weir loading rate = 200 m 3 /d/m (assume)
Weir length = (250 x 24 ) / 200 = 30 m
Provide 30 m length of effluent launder with V-notches fixed on one side of launder.