CHAPTER 8

ELECTRONICS AND
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
8.1 : UNDERSTANDING RADIOWAVE
Wave: Disturbance (vibration/oscillation)
repeatedly, transfer energy
Example: sound, light


Frequency, :
Number of complete waves passing a
given point in the medium for each second
Unit: Hertz (Hz)
Wavelength, :
Distance between 2 successive points
Unit : metres (m)

Amplitude, a :
Maximum displacement of particles from their
rest position
Unit : metres (m)
Period, T :
Time for complete full wave movement
Unit : seconds (s)
Characteristics of Wave:
1. Reflection: change of direction when hit
reflecting surface
2. Refraction: Change of direction when
enter different medium
3. Diffraction: Spreading out of wave
4. Interference: superposition of 2 or more
wave from coherent sources
Refraction
Diffraction (Penyebaran)

Penyebaran gelombang, contohnya cahaya,
kerana adanya halangan. Semakin kecil halangan,
penyebaran gelombang semakin besar
2 type of waves
Mechanical wave:
Travel in medium
Example: sound, sea wave
Electromagnetic wave:
Combination of electric and
Magnetic wave
No medium
Example: light, radio, gamma ray, x-ray,
ultraviolet, infrared, short wave, medium wave,
long wave
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Short
waves
Medium
waves
Long
waves
Radio
waves
Micro
waves
Infrared Ultraviolet X-ray
Gamma
rays
Radio Waves in Communication
Radio waves
Send messages
Broadcast music and tv
Send in long distance, through vacuum
Radio/ tv station has specific frequency
8.2: Radio Communication
Component Functions Picture Symbols
Resistor -Resist flow of current
-Voltage drop between
terminal
Capacitor -Store energy
-Let alternating current
-2 types: Fixed, variable
-Variable: tune radio
station frequency
Component Functions Picture Symbols
Diode -Restricts the direction
of movement of charge
carriers.
-Flow in one direction
-In AM radio
Transistor -For amplification,
switching, voltage
stabilisation, signal
modulation
-In radio: amplifiers
Inductor -For inductance
-Unit: Henrys
Component Functions Picture Symbols
Transformer -Transfer energy from
one electrical circuit to
another by magnetic
coupling
- Convert high/low
voltage
Speaker -Convert electrical
signals into sound
wave
Transmission of Radio Signals
Radio signals: combination electric wave
and magnetic wave (electromagnetic)
Travel at speed of light
Audio wave (sound) travel in modulation
process
1. Microphone picks up the sound of broadcaster
or music
2. Amplified
Sound wave
3. Radio transmitter
generates radio waves
4. Modulation: enveloping
radio waves using
sound wave
5. Amplification

6. Transmitter aerial:
launches radio wave
into space
Radio
7. Radio aerial:
Picks up radio waves
from transmitter
8. Variable capacitor:
Tuned to select
station
9. Capacitor:
Eliminate unwanted
radio signals
(demodulation)
10. Transistor:
Amplifies electrical
signal
11. Loudspeaker:
Turns electrical
current by vibration
Reception of Signals in
the Radio Receiver System
Radio receiver detects and demodulates radio
waves
Demodulation: Process which sound waves
separated from radio waves
Sound waves amplified
Converted into sound by speaker
Radio Communication System
Walkie-talkie
1. Speak button:
Press to talk
2. Microphone:
Convert sound into
analogue signals
3. The circuit:
Modulates signal into
carrier waves
4. The antenna:
Send waves
5. Antenna:
Receives signals
6. The circuit:
Demodulates the
signals into electrical
7. The speaker:
Converts electrical
signals into sound
8.3: Communicating via Satellite
Satellite: Object that orbits another object
Communication satellite: Artificial satellites
stationed in space for communications
using radio waves
Satellite acts as a Reflector
Transmitter
Receiver
Communication
satellite

- Radio waves reflector:
Bounce radio wave from ground
- Uses of satellite:
1. Radio & TV broadcast
2. Weather forecasting
3. Space studies
4. Satellite photography
5. Telecommunication
8.4: The Benefits of Information & Communication
Technology to Mankind
ICT: Computer, satellite, mobile phone,
internet