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DFC 1023
PROBLEM SOLVING
&
PROGRAM DESIGN
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
(CLO):
Upon completion of this course, students
should be able to:

1) Explain the basic computer and
programming fundamentals with appropriate
examples of languages.
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SPECIFIC OUTCOME
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1.1 Discuss the evolution of programming
language
1.2 Describe fundamentals of programming
languages

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1.1 Discuss the evolution of
programming languages
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HISTORY OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Before1940
The
languages
were Codes
The 1940s
Plankalkl ,
ENIAC
coding
system
The 1950s
and 1960s
FORTRA
N, LISP,
COBOL
1967 1978
Logo, B,
Pascal, Forth,
C, Smalltalk,
Prolog, ML,
Scheme, SQL
The 1980s
C++, Objecyive-
C, Ada,Common
Lisp, Eiffel,
Erlang, Perl, Tcl,
FL
The 1990s : Internet
age
Haskell, Python,
Visual Basic, Ruby,
Lua, CLOS, Java,
Delphi, JavaScript,
PHP, Rebol, D
Current trend
C#, Visual Basic . NET, F#,
Scala, Factor, Windows Poer
shell, Clojure, Groovy, Go
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TECHNOLOGY OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
5
th
Generation Languages
Using Artificial Intelligence
4
th
Generation Languages
Using Microprocessors
3
rd
Generation Languages
Using Integrated Circuits
Assembly Languages
Using Transistors
Machine Languages
Using Vacuum Tubes
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MACHINE LANGUAGES
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Only languages understood by computers
Also called machine code
A set of instructions for a specific central processing unit,
designed to be usable by a computer without being translated
impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of
numbers
The lowest-level programming language
Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Programs must
be rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different types of
computers
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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
a low-level programming language
for computers, microprocessors,
microcontrollers, and other
programmable devices
implements a symbolic
representation of the machine
codes and other constants needed
to program a given CPU
architecture
usually defined by the hardware
manufacturer, and is based on
mnemonics that symbolize
processing steps (instructions),
processor registers, memory
locations, and other language
features
same structure and set of
commands as machine languages,
but they enable a programmer to
use names instead of numbers
an assembly language program
written for one type of CPU won't
run on another
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3
rd
GENERATION LANGUAGES
a refinement of a
second-generation
programming
language
make the languages
more programmer-
friendly
High level language
Most 3GLs support
structured
programming
Example: Fortran,
ALGOL, and COBOL,
C, C++, C#, Java,
BASIC and Delphi
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4
th
GENERATION LANGUAGES
a programming
language or
programming
environment designed
with a specific purpose
in mind, such as the
development of
commercial business
software
to reduce programming
effort, the time it takes to
develop software, and the
cost of software
development
fourth-generation
languages are
programming languages
closer to human
languages than typical
high-level programming
languages. (COBOL)
Most 4GLs are used to
access databases
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5
th
GENERATION LANGUAGES
a programming language
based around solving
problems using constraints
given to the program, rather
than using an algorithm
written by a programmer
designed to make the computer solve
a given problem without the
programmer - the programmer only
needs to worry about what problems
need to be solved and what
conditions need to be met, without
worrying about how to implement a
routine or algorithm to solve them
based on artificial
intelligence, are still in
development, though there
are some applications, such
as voice recognition
Fifth-generation languages are
used mainly in artificial
intelligence research. Prolog, O
PS5, and Mercury
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1.2 Describe fundamentals
of programming languages.
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TERMINOLOGY
someone who writes computer software
a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many
kinds of software
Programmer
An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the computer to behave in a
predetermined manner
Program
the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of
computer programs
Programming
A program that translates programs from assembly language to machine language.
Assembler
a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a
programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target
language, often having a binary form known as object code)
Compiler
A program that translate from one programming language into another
Translator
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Relate programming language
Aapplication in real life
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Give the examples of PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE APPLICATION in real life

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Fotostat Machine
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Handphone/smartphone
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Car
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Thank you