GSM Vs.

CDMA
An Overview

Bhushan G. Jagyasi
Lecturer, Elex & Tele Comm Dept.
Thadomal Shahani Engineering College
Classification Of Existing Systems
Technologies
TDMA/FDMA CDMA
GSM (European Standard)

IS 136 (U.S Standard)

PDC (Japnese Standard)

IS 95 (U.S Standard)
Evolution Chart
Years
Service type
Multi
media
Voice
Analog
AMPS
Digital
IS 95
IS 136
GSM
IMT
2000
Wireless
Internet
Mobile
system
~ 24kbps ~64kbps ~2Mbps ~20Mbps
1980 1990 2000 2010
1G 2G 3G
4G
Narrow Band
Wide Band
Broad Band
Access technology
Time
Time Time
Freq Freq Freq
PN Code
FDMA

TDMA CDMA
Comparison BetweenTechnologies
Digital
Mobile
technology
Users
Dec-02
Users
Dec-03
Growth
in2003
% Growth Share Of
Growth
CDMA 145.2 181.0 35.4 24.3% 15.6%
GSM 790.5 970.8 180.3 22.8% 79.5%
PDC 60.1 63.1 3.0 5.0% 1.3%
TDMA 107.4 113.0 5.5 5.1% 2.4%
3 GSM
(W CDMA)
0.2 2.8 2.6 1708.5% 1.2%
GLOBAL
USER
BASE
1103.7 1330.6 226.9 20.69% 100%


GSM
An Overview
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Services Provided By GSM
1. Telephony
- Basic Teleservice

2. Other Services
-Emergency calling
-Voice Messaging


GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Services Provided By GSM (Cont..)
3. Bearer Services
- Low Speed data transfer (upto 9.6 Kbps)
-Group 3 Fax and Sms
4. Suplementary Services
- call offering , call forwarding, call restriction,
call waiting, call hold.
- Multiparty teleconferencing, special schemes

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
General Architecture Of GSM
ME
SIM
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
MSC
VLR
EIR
HLR
AuC
A Um
Abis
PSTN,
ISDN
Mobile
station
Base Station
Subsystem
Network
Subsystem
MS
BSS
NS
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)


Function of Mobile Station:
1. Personal Mobility

SIM SIM

SIM
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Function of Mobile Station:
1. Personal Mobility

SIM SIM SIM SIM
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)


Function of Mobile Station:
1. Personal Mobility
2. IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
3. IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity)

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
BSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

BSC
BSC: Base station Controller
1. It manages radio resources for
one or more BTS.
2. Allocation and Deallocation of
channels.
3. Transmitter power control.
4. Handoff control
BTS : Base Tranceiver station
1. It defines the cell .
2. It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile station

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Network Subsystem
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
HLR: Home Location Register
VLR: Visitor Location register
AuC: Authentication Center
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
BSC
MSC
VLR
EIR
HLR
AuC
PSTN,
ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile Switching center:(MSC)
call set up/supervision/release
call routing
billing information colllection
mobility management
paging, alerting, echo cancellation
connection to BSC, other MSC and other local
exchange networks
Access to HLR and VLR
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Home Location Register (HLR)
One HLR per GSM operator
Contains permanent database of all the
subscribers in the network
contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.)
It is reffered for every incomming call
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Visitor Location Register(VLR)
Temporary visitors database
One VLR per MSC
Authentication Center(AuC)
Provides security
Authentication and encryption
Equipment Identity Register:
Contains IMEI

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
VLR
VLR
HLR
GMSC
PSTN.
ISDN
Location Update
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile call originating
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
VLR
VLR
HLR
GMSC
PSTN.
ISDN

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile call terminating
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
VLR
VLR
HLR
GMSC
PSTN.
ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Handoff
BSC BSC BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC Handoff is of
3 types
1. Intra BSC
2 Inter BSC
3. Inter MSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Radio Aspects :
Uplink(Mobile to base)
890-915 MHz (Total 25 MHz)
Downlink ( Base to Mobile)
935-960 MHz (Total 25 MHz)

Total 45 MHz spacing for duplex operation
GSM uses TDMA and FDMA

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Using FDMA
Uplink Freq
890MHz 915Mhz
200KHz
1 2 3 4 5 124
Total Frequency range(Uplink)=25Mhz
Spacing between two carriers= 200kHz
No. of Carriers=25MHz/200KHz = 124
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Using TDMA
TDMA Frame is divided into 8 time slots.

0 7 1 2 4 5
03 3 3 5 6 7
Time
Freq
Down
Link
carrier
Up Link
carrier
45MHz
200 KHz
Time slots
4.6 ms
0.57ms
3 6
5 4 2 1
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Classification of channels in GSM
Two types
Traffic channels (TCH)
Control channels (CCH)
Channels are used to carry speech , data and
control information.
Traffic Channels are defined using 26 TDMA
frame multiframe.


GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Length of 26 TDMA frames = 120 msec
Length of 1 TDMA frame =120/26
= 4.615 msec
1 TDMA frame consists of 8 burst frames
Length of 1 burst frame = 0.577msec
Out of 26 frames
24 are TCH used for traffic
1 is SACCH used for control
1 is unused
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
0 1 2 6 5 3 7
1 2 25 24
4
0 10
3 57 57 26 1
Data Data Training
Tdma Frame
Frame Multiframe
Format of a single Burst

Duration=120ms
Duration=4.615ms
Duration=0.577ms
25
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Speech coding
Speech is digitized by PCM, o/p of PCM is
64Kb/s
It is further reduced by Regular pulse excited-
Linear predictive coder, bit rate achieved
13kb/s for full rate (260 bits in 20 msec)
Further encoded for error correction, 456 bits
per 20 msec, bit rate = 22.8 Kb/s
456 bits are divided into 8 blocks and
transmitted during 8 burst periods.
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Classification of Channels
1 Traffic (TCH)
Speech
Full rate 22.8 kb/s
Half rate 11.4 kb/s
Data
9.6kb/s
4.8kb/s
2.4kb/s
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
2 Control (CCH)
Broadcast (BCCH)
Freq correction (FCCH)
Synchronization (SCH)
Common (CCH)
Paging (PCH)
Access grant (AGCH)
Random Access (RACH)
Dedicated (DCCH)
Fast Associative (FACCH)
Slow Associative (SACCH)
Stand alone (SDCCH)
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Security
A3 A8
A3 A8
Equal SRES
Kc
Ki
Ki
Random no
Ki Ki
SRES
Kc
MS
NETWORK


Code Division Multiple
Access
(CDMA)
An Overview
CDMA
Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA
one
CDMA
2000
IS95
IS95B
JSTD 008
Narrow Band
Wide Band
CDMA SYSTEMS
CDMA
Multiple Access in CDMA:
Each user is assigned a unique PN code.
Each user transmits its information by
spreading with unique code.
Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used.
Users are seperated by code not by time slot
and freq slot.


CDMA
Concept of CDMA
Users share same
bandwidth
User axis shows
cumulative signal strength
of all users

Code 1
Code2
Code 3
Code 4
Freq
User
CDMA
Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access:
Spread Spectrum
In Spread spectrum data is transmitted with BW in
excess to minimum BW necessary to send it.
Spread spectrum is achieved by spreading with PN
code at transmitter . Same code is used to despread
the received signal at reciever
How do we get increased spectrum

X
Narrow band
inputsignal
Wide band
code seq
Wide band
Spreaded seq
CDMA
Advantages of spread spectrum:
Multipath Rejection
Immunity to interference and jamming
Multiple access


Code 1
Code2
Code 3
Code 4
Freq
User
CDMA
Comparison between CDMA and
TDMA/FDMA:
In TDMA Band width available for transmission
is small which leads to compromise in quality of
transmission. Whereas in CDMA systems entire
spectrum is used which enhances voice quality.
In TDMA/FDMA, cell design requires more
frequency planning which is tough job. Whereas
in CDMA frequency planning is minimal.
TDMA is Band limited system. CDMA is Power
limited system


CDMA
Types of Codes used in CDMA:
Walsh code
Orthogonal codes
In IS 95A and IS 95B 64 Walsh codes are used
In CDMA 2000 128 Walsh codes are used
Short PN code(16 bit)
Used to identify the BS and hence the cell
Long PN code(42 bit code)
Used to identify mobile station on reverse link
CDMA
Formation of channels (IS 95)
PN Code( Chip code) has rate of 1.23 MHz
Chip rate = 1.23 MHz (spread BW)

Link
Forward Link
(BS to MS)
Reverse link
(MS to BS)
CDMA
Forward Link (BS to MS)
Forward CDMA Channels
PILOT SYNC PAGE PAGE TRAFFIC TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC
DATA
POWER
CNTRL
SUB CH
W0 W32 W1 W7 W9
W0
CDMA
Reverse Link Channel (BS to MS)
Here CDMA ch does not follow strictly orthogonal
rule.
It consists of 2
42
logical channels. 42 bit long PN code
is used to distinguish between channels.



Reverse CDMA Channels
Access
Ch 1
Access
Ch n
Traffic
Ch 1
Traffic
Ch m
m mobiles tryin to gain access
to system
m mobiles engaged in calls
CDMA
Other key Factors
Diversity
Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space(Path) diversity
Power Control
Handoff: It supports Soft Handoff

CDMA
Soft Handoff

Signal
strength

Distance
Thanks