Temperature sensor

Type of temperature sensors

thermo resistive effect- =
0
[1+(T-T
0
)]
Thermistor - NTC si PTC
(Sensor with silicon - KTY )
Thermocouple contact of tow metal
Semiconductor junction
Infrared sensor non contact
other

Thermo-resistance
Principle modifier of electrical resistance with temperature
Material used:
copper (coefficient 0,00427)
nickel
coefficient value 0,00672(0 - 100C)
Over 300 the coefficient decrease and the characteristics is
nonlinear
platinum
200C to 600C the most used material
The characteristics is linear and stable
wolfram, tungsten
For high temperature 1000 C
RTD [ Resistive Temperature Detector ]
The characteristics of some material used in temperature sensor
Type Range Sensibility Accuracy Linearity Cost Obs.

Thermocouple

-270C
+1800C

50V/C

0,5C

poor

1$ - 50$
Require reference
and conditioning
circuit

Thermistor

-100C
+450C

5%/ C
0,1C (-40C
100C)
0,01C(070C)
0,2C / linearity
for 100 C

2$ - 10$
High sensibility

RTD platinum

-250CC
+900C

+0,4% /C
0,1C
0,01C for
laboratory
1C / linearity
over 200 C

25$ -
1000$
High sensibility

Diode and
transistor

-270C
+175C

-2,2mV /C
(0,33% /C)

2 5 C (-55C
+125 C )
2C


less de
0,5$
Require individual
calibration
Is cheap

IC

-85C
+125C

0,4% /C

3C (-55C+125
C )
1C
(0,2C to 0
+70C)

1$ - 10$
Output voltage,
current, digital
RTD transfer function
Cu
R=R0(1+0,3910
-2
T)
Pt - Platinum is the primary choice for most industrial, commercial,laboratory and other
critical RTD temperature measurements.

for T<0C: R
RTD
=R(0)[1+AT+BT
2
+C(T-100) T
3
]
for T>0C: R
RTD
=R(0)[1+AT+BT
2
]

The coefficients is defined in function of platinum purity so the values is standard (0,003923 standard RC21-4
1966, 0,003851 standard DIN Europa IEC 60751, 0,003900 standard British industry BS 1904_1984)
The new standard that define the values of coefficients is ASTM 1137 (American) and IEC 60751 (European).
A = 3.9083 E-3
B = -5.775 E-7
C = -4.183 E -12 (below 0 C), or
C = 0 (above 0 C)

R=R(0)

(1,0036+36,7910
-4
T) [linear equation]
R=R(0)(1+3,90810
-3
T

-5,810
-7
T
2
) [reduced equation]
R=R (0)

(1+3,908310
-3
T

-5,77510
-7
T
2
) [IEC standard]
R=R (0)

(1+3,969210
-3
T

-5,849510
-7
T
2
) [ASTM standard]
The difference between linear and parabolic equation at 150 C

a) R=155,55 , b) R=157,32 , difference 1,76 , error -4,8C
The difference between the standard at 100C a) IEC and b) ASTM
a) R=138,5055 , b) R=139,1071 , difference 10043 , error 2,61C

PT100
difference
constructive
form
Pt100 resistance value - Pascani
T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R()
-200 17,28 0 100 200 177,03 400 249,38 600 317,06
-150 38,80 50 119,70 250 195,56 450 266,74
-100 59,65 100 139,10 300 213,79 500 283,60
-50 80,00 150 158,21 350 231,73 550 300,58
RTD resistance value - standard ITS 90 (IEC751)
T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R() 600 313,65
-200 18,53 0 100,00 200 175,84 400 247,06 650 329,57
-150 39,65 50 119,40 250 194,08 450 264,14 700 345,21
-100 60,20 100 138,50 300 212,03 500 280,93 750 360,55
-50 80,25 150 157,32 350 229,69 550 297,43 800 375,61
RTD resistance value Analog Device handbook
T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R() 600 313,71
-200 18,52 0 100 200 175,86 400 247,09 650 329,64
-150 39,72 50 119,40 250 194,10 450 264,18 700 345,28
-100 60,26 100 138,51 300 212,05 500 280,98 750 360,64
-50 80,31 150 157,33 350 229,72 550 297,49 800 375,70
Measurement circuit of thermoresistance with 2 wire
Vout=VrefRt(1+R4/R3)/R3=VrefRt11/R3

Vo=0,0141025*Rt
50 100 150 200 300
0,705V 1,41V 2,115V 2,82V 4,23V
Measurement circuit of thermoresistance with 3 and 4 wire
KTY series
Silicon temperature sensors

A good linearity and stability in time (+/-0,05C/an)
The temperature sensors in the KTY series have a
positive temperature coefficient of resistance and are
suitable for use in measurement and control systems.
The sensor is very sensible at current polarity in special
at high current variation on high temperature . The
solution is to connect tow sensors in opposite, in this way
is formatted a dual sensor.
R
T
=R
0
[1+A (T-T
0
)+B (T-T
0
)
2
] for KTY81
where: R
0
=1000 / 25C, A=0,007874, B=1,87410
-5
Thermistor NTC
Thermistors are special solid temperature sensors that behave like
temperature-sensitive resistors; hence their name is a contraction of
"thermal" and "resistor". They are mostly very small bits of special
material that exhibit more than just temperature sensitivity.
Thermistors are highly-sensitive and have very reproducible resistance
Vs. temperature properties. They are used inside many other devices
as temperature sensing and correction devices as well as in specialty
temperature sensing probes for commerce, science and industry.
Negative temperature variation (-3 -5%)
The temperature characteristics
R=Ae
B/T

where: A (some time R
A
) is a constant, is measured in ohm and have the
signification of sensor resistance when temperature prone to infinite.
B is a material constant, is measured K, B=ln(R
1
/R
2
)/(1/T
1
-1/T
2
)
The usual value for B: 2000 5000 K
The characteristic lnR function by 1/T is a line so can be used to
establish the constants A and B
Termistori NTC
The dependence of the resistance on temperature can be approximated by the
following equation:


)
1 1
(
N
T T
B
N T
e R R

=
In the data sheet is specify the temperature coefficient at 25 C
=1/RdR/dT

The other method to specify characteristics of variation of resistance -
temperature of thermistor is using the next equation
1/T=A+BlnRT+Cln3RT where A, B and C coefficient


RT - NTC resistance in at temperature T in K
RN - NTC resistance in at rated temperature TN in K
T, TN Temperature in K
B - B value, material-specific constant of the NTC thermistor
e - Base of natural logarithm (e = 2,71828)
Technical data
Nominal resistance R
25
the resistance value at 25C in
null condition
constant B
The temperature coefficient variation at referance
temperature by 25C
The dissipation constant () indicates the power
necessary for increasing the temperature of the
thermistor element by 1C through self-heating in a heat
equilibrium.
A constant expressed as the time for the temperature at
the electrodes of a thermistor, with no load applied, to
change to 63.2% of the difference between their initial
and final temperature, during a sudden change in the
surrounding temperature.
Termistori PTC
The positive temperature variation
Ceramic PTC thermistors are used instead of conventional fuses to
protect loads such as motors, transformers, etc. or electronic circuits
against over current. They not only respond to inadmissibly high
currents but also if a preset temperature limit is exceeded.
Thermistor fuses limit the power dissipation of the overall circuit by
increasing their resistance and thus reducing the current to a
harmless residual value. In contrast to conventional fuses, they do
not have to be replaced after elimination of the fault but resume their
protective function immediately after a short cooling-down time.
This characteristics is available in a low range
Because the temperature coefficient is high the thermistor is used in
protection circuit.
The characteristic temperature-resistance is exponential
In a temperature range T1-T2 the transfer function is described by
three constant material A, B and C.
PTC characteristics

Thermistor YSI 44005
T=1/ [A+B(lnR)+C(lnR)
3
]-273.2
where : T - temperature in C,
lnR logarithm natural of
resistance
A=1.405110
-3
B=2.36910
-4
C=1.01910
-7
Temperature-resistance for YSI
44005
T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R() T(C) R()
-50 201.1k 0 9796 50 1081 100 203.8
-45 141.6k 5 7618 55 895.8 105 176.4
-40 101.0k 10 5971 60 746.3 110 153.2
-35 72.81k 15 4714 65 624.7 115 133.6
-30 53.10k 20 3748 70 525.4 120 116.8
-25 39.13k 25 3000 75 444.0 125 102.5
-20 29.13k 30 2417 80 376.9 130 90.2
-15 21.89k 35 1959 85 321.2 135 79.6
-10 16.60k 40 1598 90 274.9 140 70.4
-5 12.70k 45 1310 95 236.2 145 62.5
150 55.6
Hardware 'linearization'
Connect a resistor in parallel with the thermistor. R
P

R
t
(t)=R
NTC
R
P
/(R
NTC
+R
P
)

The resistors value should equal the thermistor's resistance at the mid-
range temperature.
(flexion point ).
R
P
=R
NTC
(B-2T
C
)/(B+2T
C
)

TC the temperature of central of liniarized temperature range
This technique is recommended whenever thermistors are used with
simple measuring devices that have low ADC resolution (i.e. <12 bit).
The second method used to establish the value of RP is:


where: R
1
,RM and R
2
are the thermistor's resistance at the low, middle and
high temperature points of your measurement range, T1, T2 and T3.
M
M
P
R R R
R R R R R
R
2
2 ) (
2 1
2 1 2 1
+
+
=
Voltage circuit of resistance
measurement
REF 2.5
1
2
3
VIN
G
N
D
VOUT
t
Pt100A 2k4
V+
Current circuit of resistance
measurement
REF 2.5
1
2
3
VIN
G
N
D
VOUT
t
Pt100A
V+
2k5
Ui n1
Ui n2
-
+
U3A
LT1014 3
2
1
4
1
1
The graph compare the results of the two methods with constant-
current drive and curve constant-voltage drive.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
The graph compare the results of the two methods with constant-
current drive and curve constant-voltage drive.
RTD measurement circuit
The measurement circuit for Pt100. power
supply voltage (+5V).
AO1
AO2
AO3
AO4
Coefficient Callendar van Dusen
The platinum thermometer is one of the most linear and practical
temperature transducers in existence. Yet it is still necessary to
linearise the measured signal, as will appear from the diagram below.
The diagram illustrates the disparity in ohms between the actual
resistance value at a given temperature and the value that would be
obtained by a simple linear calculation for a Pt100 sensor:
Rt=R0[1+At+Bt
2
+C(t-100)t
3
]
Methode Callendar van Dusen
Where:
- R
0
la 0C (the freezing point of water)
- R
100
la 100C (the boiling point of water)
- R
h
la 419,53C a high temperature (e.g. the melting point of
zink, 419.53 C)
- R
l
la -182,96C a low temperature (e.g. the boiling point of
oxygen, -182.96 C)

o
o
o

=
+ =

=
0
0
0 0
0
0 100
,
100
R
R R
t
t R R R
R
R R
t
t
]
100
) 1
100
( [
100
) 1
100
(
0 0
0
0
t t
t R R R
t t
R
R R
t
t
h h
th
h
+ =

=
o o
o
o
calculus:
First the linear parameter is determined as the normalised slope between 0 and 100 C:
- Callendar has established a better approximation by introducing a term of the second
order, , into the function. The calculation of is based on the disparity between the
actual temperature, th, and the temperature calculated
- At negative temperatures The calculation of is based on the disparity between the actual
temperature, tl, and the temperature that would result from employing only and :
] )
100
( ) 1
100
(
100
) 1
100
( [
)
100
( ) 1
100
(
]
100
) 1
100
( [
3
0 0
3
0
0
t t t t
t R R R
t t
t t
R
R R
t
t
l l
l l tl
l
+ =

+

=
| o o
o
o
|
The coefficient A, B and C
Rt=R0[1+At+Bt
2
+100Ct
3
+Ct
4
]
4
2
100
100
100
| o
o o
o o
o

+ =
C
B
A
0,003850 A 3,90810
-3
1,4999 B -5,77510
-7

0,10863 C -4,18310
-12

Pt100 coefficient for standard IEC751 and ITS90
Deviation in ohms between the actual resistance value and the linear interpolation as a
function of the temperature expressed in C.

Thermocuple
In electrical engineering and industry, thermocouples are a widely used type of
temperature sensor and can also be used as a means to convert thermal potential
difference into electric potential difference. They are cheap and interchangeable,
have standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. The main
limitation is accuracy; System errors of less than one 1 (C) can be difficult to
achieve. When sensor is used at high temperature decrease the time of exploitation
(sensors ageing).
Thermocouples are based on the principle that when two dissimilar metals are joined
a predictable voltage will be generated that relates to the difference in temperature
between the measuring junction and the reference junction (connection to the
measuring device). The selection of the optimum thermocouple type (metals used in
their construction) is based on application temperature
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to
electric voltage and vice versa. Thomson and Seebeck effect .
Thomson Effect. Any current-carrying conductor (except for a superconductor), with
a temperature difference between two points, will either absorb or emit heat,
depending on the material.
Seebeck Effect. Seebeck discovered that when two dissimilar metals are connected
(junctioned) together, an electric current will flow between them when one metal is
heated with respect to the other.
The effect is that a voltage, the thermoelectric EMF (Electromotive force ), is
created in the presence of a temperature difference between two different metals or
semiconductors. This causes a continuous current in the conductors if they form a
complete loop. The voltage created is of the order of several microvolt per Kelvin
difference.
(+) Al, Sn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Sb, Bi, Hg, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt (-)
The ThermoElectric Laws
L1. The Law of Homogeneous Circuits .
An electric current cannot be sustained in a circuit of a single
homogeneous metal, however varying in section, by the application
of heat alone.
L2. The Law of Intermediate Metals.
If two dissimilar metals A and B with their junctions at T1 and T2 are
joined to a third metal C at one leg, if C is kept at a uniform
temperature along its entire length, the total EMF in the circuit will be
unaffected.
L3. The Law of Intermediate Temperatures .
If you have one thermocouple with it's junction at 32&degF and some
reference temperature and another thermocouple at the same
reference temperature and the measured temperature. This is
equivalent to a single thermocouple with it's junction at 32&degF
and the measured temperature .
Thermocouple
Clarified by material
Thermocouple with metallic elements
Thermocouple with non metallic elements
Used mode
Thermocouple in immersion
Thermocouple on surface
Time constants
Thermocouple with low time constant (under 15
seconds)
Thermocouple with medium time constant (15 30
seconds)
Thermocouple with high time constant(peste 30
seconds)
Thermocouple type
Termocuplu Simbol Polarity T min T max proprieties
IRON-Constantan
J
iron + / Constantan
200 600
cheap
cooper-Constantan
T
cooper+/Constantan
270 400
Humidity
Chromel-Constantan
E
Cromel + /Constantan +
270 600
High sensitivity
Chromel-Al
K
Chromel + /Al
270 1000
Good linearity
PtRh(10%)-Pt
S
PtRh(10%) + /Pt
0 1400
expensive
PtRh(13%)-Pt
R
PtRh(13%) + /Pt
0 1400
expensive
PtRh(30%)-
PtRh(6%)
B
PtRh(13%)+ /PtRh(6%)
0 1700
expensive
voltage (mV) temperature (C) for thermocouple
Temperature J T E K S R B
-200 -7,890 -5,603 -8,824 -5,891 - - -
-100 +4,632 -3,378 -5,237 -3,553 - - -
0 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
25 1,277 0,992 1,495 1,000 0,142 0,141 -0,002
100 5,268 4,277 6,317 4,095 0,645 0,647 0,033
200 10,777 9,286 13,419 8,137 1,440 1,468 0,178
300 16,325 14,860 21,033 12,207 2,323 2,400 0,431
400 21,864 20,869 28,943 16,395 3,260 3,407 0,786
500 27,388 - 36,999 20,640 4,234 4,471 1,241
600 33,096 - 45,085 24,902 5,237 5,582 1,791
700 39,130 - 53,110 29,128 6,274 6,741 2,430
800 45,498 - 61,022 33,277 7,345 7,949 3,154
900 51,875 - 68,783 37,325 8,448 9,203 3,957
1000 57,942 - 76,358 41,269 9,585 10,503 4,833
1100 63,777 - - 48,828 10,754 11,846 5,777
1200 69,536 - - 52,398 11,947 13,224 6,783
1300 - - - - 13,155 14,624 7,845
1400 - - - - 14,368 16,035 8,952
1500 - - - - 15,576 17,445 10,094
1600 - - - - 16,771 18,842 11,257
1700 - - - - 17,942 20,215 12,585
Thermocouple measurement circuit
Is necessary to compensate the cold junction
AD594, LT1025 dedicate IC
R3 and R4 divid down the 10 mV/K output of the LM335 to match the Seebeck coefficient of the thermocouple. The
LM329B and its 00747101
associated voltage divider provide a voltage to buck out the 0C output of the LM335. To calibrate, adjust R1 so that V1
= <5C T, where <5C is the Seebeck coefficient and T is the ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin.
Then, adjust R2 so that V1V2 is equal to the thermocouple output voltage at the known ambient temperature.

LM329B
1
2
+
1M
+
R13
LM335
R4
-
V1
Termocuple
POT
15V
POT
R6
R3
200k
Thermocouple Seebeck R4 R6
Type Coefficient () ()
(V/C)
J 52.3 1050 385
T 42.8 856 315
K 40.8 816 300
S 6.4 128 46.3
15V
-
R5
200k
V2
R14
JONCIUNI SEMICONDUCTOARE
Semiconductor temperature sensors are produced in the
form of ICs. Their fundamental design results from the
fact that semiconductor diodes have temperature-
sensitive voltage vs. current characteristics.
The use of IC temperature sensors is limited to
applications where the temperature is within a 55 to
150C range. The measurement range of IC temperature
sensors may be small compared to that of
thermocouples and RTDs, but they have several
advantages: they are small, accurate, and inexpensive,
and are easy to interface with other devices such as
amplifiers, regulators, DSPs, and microcontrollers.
Output: analog, digital
Principle of semiconductors
temperature sensors
-
Q3
Vt
+
Ic2
Q2
R
Q4
Ic1
It
Q1
T const V
I
I
q
kT
V V
I
I
q
kT
V V V
I
I
q
kT
V
e I I
nV V
q
kt
V
e I I
R
BE R
BE BE BE
S
BE
nV
V
S
T BE
T
nV
V
S
T
BE
T
BE
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = A
=
=
>>
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
1
2
1
2 1
1
ln
ln
) ln(
I - is the diode current,
IS - is the reverse bias saturation
current,
VBE - is the voltage across the diode,
VT - is the thermal voltage,
and n is the emission coefficient

LM35
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor
0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25C)
Rated for full 55 to +150C range
Suitable for remote applications
Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
Operates from 4 to 30 volts
Less than 60 A current drain
Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air
Nonlinearity only 14C typical
Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

LM63
Digital output 10+1 bit
resolution 0,125C
accuracy 1C (50 85C), 3C (-25 125)
LM45
10mV/C, accuracy 3C
Power supplay 4 10V,
LM75
Digital output I2C
Power supply 3,55,5V
IC ADC 9 bii sigma-delta
accuracy 2,5C (-25 100C) and +-3C (-55 +150C)
LM135, LM235, LM335
Directly calibrated in Kelvin1C initial accuracy available
Operates from 400 A to 5 mA
Less than 1Ohm dynamic impedance
Easily calibrated
Wide operating temperature range
200C overrange,low cost
Other type of temperature sensors
MAX6576/MAX6577
Output time /frequency
accuracy 0,8C / 25C (max 3C)
Power supply 2,75,5V
range -40 +125C
T(C)=F(Hz)/k+237,15C
MAX6632 / MAX6629
output SPI, accuracy 1C
resolution 0,0625C, 12 +1 bit
Power supply 35,5V
TS1 - TS0 MAX6576 MAX6577
00
10s/K
4
01
40s/K
1
10
160s/K
1/4
11
640s/K
1/16
MAX6632 / MAX6629
output SPI, accuracy 1C
LT1047A
output 10mV/C+500mV, power supply 2,55,5V
Measurement circuit
5...40V
Vo=R*1uA/gradK
Vo=10mV/gradC
LM35
1
2
3
V
I
N
G
N
D
VOUT
4....20V
TC1047A
1
2
3
V
I
N
G
N
D
VOUT
I=1uA/gradK
R1
R
V-
LM335
LM335
Vo=t*10+500[mV]
LM35
1
2
3
V
I
N
G
N
D
VOUT
R1
LM335
AD590
LM335
Vo=10mV/gradC
V+
5,5Vmax
R1
LM335
I1
LM335
Tmediu
4....20V
V+
LM335
LM335
R1
V+
Tmin
Vo=10mV/grdK
V+
R2
POT
Vo=10mV/grdK
Temperature Conversion
Formulas
Conversion Formula Example
Celsius to Kelvin K = C + 273 21C = 294 K
Kelvin to Celsius C = K - 273 313 K = 40 C
Fahrenheit to
Celsius
C = (F - 32) x 5/9 89 F = 31.7 C
Celsius to
Fahrenheit
F = (C x 9/5) + 32 50 C = 122 F
Measurement circuit for LM75


Sistem
cu
ATtiny
2313
Traductor
T2
LM75
Traductor
T3
LM75
Traductor
T8
LM75
SCL
SDA
. . .
Infrared temperature sensor
Infrared (IR) radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, witch includes radio
waves, microwaves, visible light, and ultraviolet light, as well as gamma rays and X-
rays. The IR range falls between the visible portion of the spectrum
and radio waves. IR wavelengths are usually expressed in microns, with the lR
spectrum extending from 0.7 to 1000 microns. Only the 0.7-14 micron band is used
for IR temperature measurement.

Operating range -40 ... 400 grade C
A bolometer is a device used to measure the energy of incident electromagnetic
radiation.

sensitivity 0,02 0,1C
application:
Measure without contact
Industrial equipment
Medical instruments
Characteristics.
High precision
High sensitivity (110V/W)
Low noise
Response time (40 msec)
expensive
SMTIR9901/02 INFRARED SENSORS
Typical applications
contact less measurement of surface temperatures or Infrared
radiation temperature measurement on moving objects.
continuous temperature control of manufacturing.
thermal alarm systems
climate control
medical instruments
home appliances.
Features
High accuracy
High sensitivity (110 V/W)
Low resistance (50 KW) and therefore
Very good signal-to-noise-ratio
Good response time (40 ms)
Low cost thin film technology

Acoustic and piezoelectric temperature sensor
Acoustics temperature sensor has different speed of
sound at different temperature
C331,5T/273.15 m/sec

Piezoelectric temperature sensor use the propriety of
crystal to have different oscillation frequency at different
temperature.
f/f
0
=a
0
+a
1
T+a
2
T
2
+a
3
T
3
- a
1
= 35 ppm/C
- The coefficient a
2
and a
3
can be eliminated by a
special manufacturing of the crystal
Application with temperature sensor
Requirements
Accuracy of measurement by 0,2C
Range -100 +400C
Pt100 offer
Resistance measurement accuracy by 0,05
400C 0,3452/C >> accuracy 0,069
-100C 0,4063/C >> accuracy 0,081
500*5 = 2500 values>> conversion AD by 12 bit (4096)
60/-100C and 250/+400C 1/5 is not used from
range
We chose a ADC 14 bit (sigma-delta)
AD7705 ADC on 16 bit
The reference resistor is by 500 with 0,01% accuracy

Convertor AD 7705
Thermometer with AD590
The range of temperature 0 to 100C
The accuracy is better that 1C


Output of AD590 is current the current signal is not
affected by induced voltage on the wire
AD590M in the range 0 100C, the accuracy is by
0,3C
The result error is by 0,7C and is introduced by all
component from circuit
Measurement circuit
+
-
U5
AD521L
< 100gradeC
AD580
1
3
2
+E
-E
EOUT
Uout
2,5V
15k
R5
96k3
< 0gradeC
1
0
k


R
4
P1
200
R3
1k
R2
9k09
AD590J
1uA/K
R1
1k 0,1%
Analog Device transducer interfacing handbook