WDM Basics Issue1

Optical Network Curriculum
Development Section
ISSUE
1
OTC000601 WDM Basics
1.0
2
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Why WDM technology
3
Optical Network Capacity Expansion
4
ADM REG ADM
REG REG REG
ADM REG ADM
REG REG REG
ADM REG ADM
REG REG REG
ADM REG ADM
REG REG REG
ADM REG ADM
REG REG REG
ADM REG ADM
REG REG REG
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

Before the use of WDM
DWDM DWDM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
.
.
.

After the use of WDM
DWDM Reduces the Cost of Networking
5
Course Objective
Grasp the basic characteristics and types of
optical fiber;
know the light source and photodetector,
know the working principle and
characteristics of various types of optical
amplifiers;
Know the basic knowledge of passive
optical components;
Master the basic knowledge's and key
technologies of WDM system.
Upon completing of this course, you will
6
Course Contents

Chapter 1 Optical Fiber
Chapter 2 light Source and Photodetector
Chapter 3 Optical Amplifier
Chapter 4 Passive components
Chapter 5 WDM System
7
Chapter 1 Fiber
1.Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
2.Properties of Fiber
3.Classifications of Single Mode Fiber
4.Nonlinear Effects of Single Mode Fiber
8
Structure of Single-Mode Fiber and Refractive
Index Profile
Structure of a fiber
coating
n
2

cladding
n
2
cladding
coating
core
n
1
d
1
d2
d
n
2
n
1
d
n
2
n
1
Refractive
index profile
9
Fiber Attenuation
Attenuation in optical fiber is mainly determined by three types
of loss: absorption loss, scattering loss and bend loss.
Attenuation coefficient unit:dB/km
(nm) 1550
1310
OH ion Absorption
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)

C_band L_band
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
cyan
purple
White light
Dispersion
11
Dispersion in Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
Dispersion in fiber refers to a physical phenomenon of signal
distortion caused when various modes carrying signal energy or
different frequencies of the signal have different group velocity
and disperse from each other during propagation.
Dispersion in SMF is classified into chromatic dispersion and
polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
12
Chromatic Dispersion
Input laser is not
momochromatic, it is
composed of many
wavelength or colour.
The different wavelengths
arrive at different times to
BROAD, separated, or
DISPERSED output pulse.
The chromatic dispersion in
the fiber causes different
wavelengths to travel at
different speeds, and
propagation delay.
Input
laser
Optical
receiver
L
DATA IN
DATA OUT
13
Chromatic Dispersion
D
i
s
p
e
r
s
i
o
n

(
p
s
/
n
m

K
m
)

G.653
(nm)
1550
1310
G.652 fiber
G.655
17
Generally, two kinds of dispersion exist in single mode optical fiber,they
are material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
Dispersion coefficientunitps/kmnm
14
Polarization Mode DispersionPMD
Detector
power
Signal response
Polarization mode dispersionPMD
Polarization mode dispersion coefficient
ps/km
1/2
Fiber profile
Ellipse fiber core
Slow in propagation
Fast in propagation
Delay time
15
3

1

3

1

3
1

T
T+T
Inter-symbol Interference
Broaden pulse caused by dispersion will bring the adjacent
consecutive pulses to overlap.
16
Cut-off Wavelength
Cutoff wavelength is the shortest wavelength at which a fiber
can support single mode operation. If we work with light at a
wavelength shorter than cut-off wavelength, two, three or more
modes will propagate along the fiber.
1) Cutoff wavelength of primary coating fiber in jumper
cable shorter than 2m.
2) Cutoff wavelength of 22m cable optical fiber.
3) Cutoff wavelength of 2~20m jumper cable.
17
Mode Field Diameter and Effective Area
Mode field diameterMFDdescribes the concentrate
level of optical energy in the single mode fiber.
Fiber core
MFD
18
D
i
s
p
e
r
s
i
o
n

(
p
s
/
n
m

K
m
)

G.653
(nm)
1550
1310
G.652 fiber
G.655

OH ion Absorption
17
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
d
B
)

C_band L_band
Types of Optical Fiber
G.654fiber
19
Nonlinear Effects in Single Mode Fiber
Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)
Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
Kerr effect
Self-phase Modulation(SPM)
Cross-phase Modulation(XPM)
Four-wave Mixing(FWM)
20
Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering
Limiting the injection power, threshold power is100mw
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)
Limiting the optical power of single wavelength
threshold power is smaller for spectrum line lasers
21
Kerr Effect
Self-phase Modulation (SPM)
Broaden the signal's spectrum,
the influence of dispersion
becoming bigger.

Cross-phase Modulation
Limiting the input optical power
and the wavelength spacing.
22
Four-Wave Mixing
Four-wave mixing (FWM) occurs in the case that two or three
light waves with different wavelength interact and cause new
light waves at other wavelengths.
1
2
f
113
F
123,213
F112 F223
F
132,312
F221
F231,F321
F332 F331
F
F F3
Uneven and relatively large channel spacing can reduce FWM.
23
Questions
What are the properties of optical fibers?
In the propagation of optical pulse signal,
what is the influence of the dispersion in the
optical fiber?
What are the types of optical fibers? What
features do they have?
What are the phenomena of the non-
linearity effect in single-mode optical fiber?
24
Summary
optical fiber consists of core, cladding and coating, the
refractive index of core must be bigger than that of the
claddings.
The properties of optical fiber are attenuation coefficient,
dispersion coefficient, cutoff wavelength, mode field diameter
and effective area.
Dispersion in single mode optical fiber consists of chromatic
dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. In the digital
communication, dispersion will result in inter-symbol
interference , and finally causes bit errors.
Non-linear effects consists of stimulated nonelasticiy scatter,
Kerr effect and FWM.
25
Course Contents

Chapter 2 Optical Source and Photoelectric Detector
26
Chapter 2 Light Sources and Photo Detectors
Light sources
Laser modulation modes
Types and characteristics
of photo detectors
27
Types and Characteristics of Light Source
LED;

FP-LD (MLM)
DFB-LD (SLM)
Low output power,
Poor beam focus,
Wide spectrum, low bit rate,
Inexpensive,
Suit for short distance communications
High output power
Good beam focus
Narrow spectrum, high bit rate
expensive
Suit for long distance
28
Modulation Techniques
Direct modulation (internal modulation)
Indirect modulation (external modulation)
Electro-Absorption modulation
Mach-Zehnder modulation
29
Direct Modulation
Direct modulation is: Output laser is controlled by input current
Advantages: simple structure,low loss and low cost
Disadvantages: modulation chirp
transmission distance 100km
transmission rate 2.5Gbit/s
LD
Current
Laser
30
What is chirp?
Chirp(as in bird chirping) is the deviation of laser frequency
from its radiation-center frequency.

positive chirp negative chirp
no chirp
fore edge
back edge
31
Electro-Absorption Modulator
E-A modulation modulates the laser indirectly and adding
an external modulator in its output path to modulate the
light intensity.
Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s >600km)
Less chirp
High reliability
Complex technology
LD
EA
32
Mach-Zehnder Modulator
Advantages:
chirp can be almost zero,
suit for long transmission distance
Disadvantages: Expensive
LD
33
Comparision of Modulations
Types Direct
Modulator
EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Max.dispersion
toleration
(ps/nm)
1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800
Cost moderate expensive Very expensive
Wavelength
Stability
good better best
For STM-16 Signal
34
Photo Detector
The function of photoelectric detector is to convert the
received optical signal to corresponding electric signal.
Positive Intrinsic NegativePIN
Avalanche Photo DiodeAPD
Dynamic ranges
The difference of overload power and receiving sensitivity is
called dynamic ranges, generally about 20dB.
Types Spectrum
response
Overload
Power
Optical
Sensitivity
PIN 11001600nm 0dBm -20dBm
APD 10001600nm -9dBm -28dBm
35
Questions
How many different types of LD modulation?
In the high rate and technology single mode
communication, which type of laser can be selected?
How many types of photoelectric detector? What are
features of them?

36
Course Contents

Chapter 2 Light Source and Photodetector
37
Summary of Optical Amplifiers
EDFA
Raman Fiber Amplifier
38
Optical Amplifier
The optical power is increased by optical amplifier.
Amplified optical signal Input optical signal
OA
39
Common Parameters of Optical Amplifier
Gain
Noise Figure
Gain bandwidth
Saturated output
power
0
10
20

G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)

30
3dB
a
Pin
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)

3dB
PT
P
o
u
t

(
d
B
m
)

PS
Pout
Gain
40
Types of Optical Amplifier
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)
Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)
41
EDFA Energy Level Diagram
The stimulated radiation and ASE of Er3+ ions in the EDF
ASE accumulation is resource of noise
Pump
E2 metastable state
E3 excited state
1550nm
E1 ground state
1550nm
Decay
light
signal light
signal light
42
Advantages and Disadvantages of EDFA
Major advantages of EDFA:
Its operating wavelength is consistent with the minimum loss
window of the SMF.
High coupling efficiency. Active Medium is in fiber
High energy conversion efficiency.
High gain, low noise figure, large output power and low cross-talk.
Stable gain characteristics.
Major disadvantages of EDFA:
The gain wavelength range is fixed
Gain bandwidth unflatness.
Optical surge problem.
43
The Operating principle of Raman Fiber Amplifier
Pump
Gain
30nm
70~100nm

44
Characteristics of Raman Fiber Amplifier
Its gain wavelength is determined by the pump wavelength.
The gain medium is the transmission fiber itself.
Low noise.
PUMP1
PUMP3
70~100nm
30nm
GAIN
PUMP2
EDFA
Span 1
Raman Pump
transmitting
Receiving
EDFA
Span k
Raman Pump
45
Classifications of Raman Fiber Amplifier
Discrete Raman Fiber Amplifier
Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifier
46
RFAs and EDFAs
47
Advantages of RFA
Advantages:
Gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light
wavelength ;
Simple structure of amplifier;
Nonlinear effects can be reduced;
Low noise;
PUMP1 PUMP3
70~100nm
30nm
GAIN
PUMP2
48
Disadvantages of RFA
Disadvantages:
High pump power,low efficiency and high cost;
Instantaneous gain, adopting backward pump fashion,
Optical components and optical fiber undertake high
optical power,
Characteristics of gain online are not consistent;
49
Principle of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Coupling optics
Injectonpump
Active region
Transmission fiber
Transmission
fiber
cladding
core
Amplified optical
signal
Optical
input
signal
50
Advantages and Drawbacks of SOAs
Advantages:
Operating at the 1300nm and 1550nm wavelengths-even
simultaneously.
Wide bandwidth(up to 100nm has been achieved)
Easy to integrate, along with other semiconductor and
photonic devices, into one monolithic chip called opto-
electronic integrated circuit (OEIC)
Drawbacks:
Relatively high crosstalk,
polarization sensitivity
High temperature sensitivity;
51
Comparison of Three Types of Amplifiers
Type EDFA SOA Raman
Maturity Very maturity Not maturity maturity
Gain high normal normal
Bandwidth wider wide Very wide
Coupling
efficiency
high low high
Cost moderate high Very high
52
Questions
Now, what are two types of main optical amplifiers
Which type of optical amplifier is in commercial?
Compared to regenerator, what are optical amplifiers'
advantages?
Summarize the operating principle and advantages of
EDFA.
What is the main noise of EDFA?
Summarize the operating theory and advantages of RFA.
53
Course Contents

54
Chapter 4 Passive Components
1. Dielectric film filter type
2. Optical Grating type
3. Integrated Waveguide type: AWG
4. Comb Filter
5. Coupler and Splitter
6. Isolator and Circulator
7. Optical Switch
55
Dielectric Thin Film Filter
The main features of dielectric film filter DWDM component are as
follows: miniaturization and structural stability of the component can
be implemented via design, the signal pass-band is flat and
polarization-independent, and its insertion loss is low and channel
isolation is good.

/4
n1
n2
56
Dielectric Thin Film Filter
1-4

4
2
3
Self-focusing lens
1
filter
3 filter
Glass
1
57
Fiber Grating Filter
Periodic variation of the refractive index (grating)
Ultraviole light interference
1 2 3
2
58
Integrated Waveguide type :AWG
1
2
- -
Waveguide
grating
Free space
Fan-like
waveguide
Fan-like
waveguide
Small spacing
Large number of channels
Flat pass-band
59
Coupler and Splitter
60
Multiplexer using Coupler
multiplexer
61
Comb Filter
The basic indices are insertion loss, bandwidth and crosstalk.
62
Isolator and Circulator
63
Circulator
l
2
Fiber grating
64
Optical Switch
A passive component possessing one or more ports which
selectively transmits, redirects, or blocks optical power in an
optical transmission line.
65
Questions
How many classifications of common
passive components?
What are their functions?
66
Summary
All components for WDM systems can be divided into active
and passive. The list of passive components includes
couplers, isolators, and filters. passive components work
without power supply. Optical switches implement logical
action in optical domain.
67
Course Contents

68
Related Standards on WDM
Transmission Modes of WDM System
Application Modes on WDM
WDM Key technologies
Management of Laser safety
Optical Supervisory Channel
69
Related ITU-T Recommendations
G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
G.655 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted SMF
G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64,
STM-256 systems and other SDH systems with OA
G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
M.3100 Generic network information module
G.709 Interface for Optical transport network
G.694-1 Spectral Grids for WDM Applications: DWDM Wavelength Grid
G.694-2 Spectral Grids for WDM Applications: CWDM Wavelength Grid
70
Single fiber unidirectional transmission
Operating Modes of WDM System
Uni-directional WDM
71
Single fiber bi-directional transmission
Bi-directional WDM
Operating Modes of WDM System
72
Application modes-open system
OTU OTU
DMUX MUX
Optical amplifier
OSC
A
c
c
e
s
s

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s

73
Application modes-integrated system
DEMUX MUX
Optical amplifier
OSC
A
c
c
e
s
s

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s

74
WDM Key Technologies - Light Source
The light source of the DWDM system has two
outstanding features:
1) Larger dispersion tolerance;
2) Standard and stable wavelength.
Technical measures:
DFB-LD+Temperature control
E-A Modulator
M-Z Modulator
75
Key Technologies of WDM System-Multiplexing and
Demultiplexing
Large number of channels
Low insertion loss, less polarization dependence,
High isolation, low crosstalk
76
WDM System Key Technologies
Type Advantages Disadvantages Product
Coupling type
multiplexer
Simple
mechanism,high
stability, low cost.
High insertion
loss,only used
for multiplexer
16 and 32
Wavelength
system
Dielectric
Film type
low insertion loss,
High isolation.
Small number of
channels
Above 16
Wavelength
system
AWG Good flat spectral
response, suitable
for integration
Temperature
sensitive
Above 32
Wavelength
system

77
Gain Characteristics of EDFA
Gain Flatness --
utilizing heavily aluminum plus
erbium-doped optical fiber and
Gain Equalization Filter (GEF)
optimizing the optical structure
Wavelength
1525nm-1565nm
non-aluminum-doped EDFA
Gain
1525nm-1565nm
aluminum-doped EDFA
Gain
Wavelength
78
Impact of Gain Flatness in Long Haul Transmission
Cascading amplification of amplifier gain unflatness
Cascading amplification of amplifier gain flatness
79
Gain Locking
>1dB
<0.5dB
Drop
80
Gain Locking
>1dB
Add
81
1. Non-linearity problem
Although enhanced by adopting EDFA, the optical
power is not the higher the better. When it reaches a
certain level, the optical fiber will generate nonlinear
effects (including Raman scattering and Brillouin
scattering).
2. Optical surge problem
3. Dispersion problem
Problems after Applications of EDFA
82
Laser Safety
ALS (Automatic Laser Shutdown)
APR (Automatic Power Reduce)
Refer to ITU-T G.664
West
Multiplex
East
Multiplex
T2 R1
OTS
OMS
LA LA LA LA
T1 R2
A
LA LA LA LA
83
Optical Supervisory Channel
Transmit related management , supervision information
Operating wavelength 1510nm
Monitoring rate:2Mb/s
add/extract OSC
Requirement: Not limit pump wavelength of OA, not limit
1310nm service, available when OA fails, long distance
transmission
84
TS0: FAS
TS1: E1
TS2: F1
TS3-TS14: D1-D12(DCC channel)
TS15:E2
TS16-TS31: reserved
0 1 31 14 15 16 2 3
Typical Frame Structure of OSC
85
Questions
What are the applications of EDFA?
What are the requirements of DWDM system for the performance of
EDFA?
Why is optical monitoring channel necessary? What are the
wavelength, code rate and code pattern of optical monitoring channel.
What are the requirements of DWDM system for optical monitoring
channel?
86
Summary
WDM system can be divided into unidirectional WDM and
bi-directional WDM.
In practice, We can adopt open WDM system or integrated
system.
WDM system key technologies include light source,
multiplexing/demultiplexing and optical amplification
techology.
OSC can transport the network management information.
87

WDM Basics Issue1

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

WDM Basics Issue1

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Optical Network Curriculum

Вам также может понравиться