Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds
Atom the smallest unit of matter
indivisible
Helium
atom
electron shells
electron shells
a) a) Atomic number = number of Electrons Atomic number = number of Electrons
b) b) Electrons vary in the amount of energy they Electrons vary in the amount of energy they
possess, and they occur at certain energy possess, and they occur at certain energy
levels or levels or electron shells. electron shells.
c) c) Electron shells determine how an atom Electron shells determine how an atom
behaves when it encounters other atoms behaves when it encounters other atoms
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
as to have 8 electrons

C would like to

N would like to

O would like to
Gain electrons
Gain ! electrons
Gain " electrons
hy are electrons
hy are electrons
important!
important!
") ") Elements have di#erent electron Elements have di#erent electron
con$gurations con$gurations

di#erent electron con$gurations mean di#erent electron con$gurations mean

di#erent levels of bonding di#erent levels of bonding
Electron Dot Structures
Electron Dot Structures
Symbols of atoms with dots to represent
Symbols of atoms with dots to represent
the valence-shell electrons
the valence-shell electrons
Chemical bonds% an attempt to $ll electron
Chemical bonds% an attempt to $ll electron
shells
shells
". ". &onic bonds &onic bonds
'. '. Covalent bonds Covalent bonds
(. (. )etallic bonds )etallic bonds
Learning Check
Learning Check
IOIC !OD
IOIC !OD
bond formed
bond formed
between
between
two ions by the
two ions by the
transfer
transfer
of
of
electrons
electrons
"ormation of Ions from
"ormation of Ions from
#etals
#etals

Ionic compounds Ionic compounds result when result when metals metals react react
with with nonmetals nonmetals

#etals #etals lose lose electrons to match the electrons to match the number of number of
valence electrons valence electrons of their nearest noble gas of their nearest noble gas

Positive ions Positive ions form form when when the number of the number of
electrons are electrons are less less than the number of than the number of
protons protons
$roup % metals $roup % metals

ion ion
%& %&
$roup ' metals $roup ' metals

ion ion
'& '&

$roup %( metals $roup %( metals

ion ion
(& (&
"ormation of Sodium
"ormation of Sodium
Ion
Ion
"ormation of
"ormation of
#agnesium Ion
#agnesium Ion
Some )ypical Ions with
Some )ypical Ions with
*ositive Charges
*ositive Charges
+Cations,
+Cations,
$roup %
$roup %
$roup '
$roup '
$roup %(
$roup %(
-
-
& &
#g
#g
'& '&
.l
.l
(& (&
Li
Li
& &
Ca
Ca
'& '&
a
a
& &
Sr
Sr
'& '&
/
/
& &
!a
!a
'& '&
Learning Check
Learning Check
.0 umber of valence electrons in
.0 umber of valence electrons in
aluminum1
aluminum1
!0 Change in electrons number to be stable1
!0 Change in electrons number to be stable1
C0
C0
Ionic charge of aluminum1
Ionic charge of aluminum1
Learning Check
Learning Check
$ive the ionic charge for each of the following2 $ive the ionic charge for each of the following2
.0 %' p .0 %' p
& &
and %3 e and %3 e
- -
!0 43p !0 43p
& &
and 56 e- and 56 e-
C0 %4 p C0 %4 p
& &
and %7e- and %7e-

Ions from onmetal Ions
Ions from onmetal Ions

In ionic compounds8 nonmetals in %48

In ionic compounds8 nonmetals in %48
%68 and %9 gain electrons from metals
%68 and %9 gain electrons from metals

onmetal add electrons to achieve

onmetal add electrons to achieve
the octet arrangement
the octet arrangement

onmetal ionic charge2

onmetal ionic charge2
(-8 '-8 or %-
(-8 '-8 or %-
"luoride Ion
"luoride Ion
&onic Bond
&onic Bond

Between atoms of metals and nonmetals with Between atoms of metals and nonmetals with
very di#erent electronegativity very di#erent electronegativity

Bond formed by transfer of electrons Bond formed by transfer of electrons

*roduce charged ions+ theregore conductors. *roduce charged ions+ theregore conductors.

,ave high melting point. ,ave high melting point.

E-amples+ .aCl, CaCl E-amples+ .aCl, CaCl

' '
, / , /
' '
0 0
"). &onic bond # electron $rom Na is trans$erred to Cl,
this causes a charge imbalance in each atom% &he Na
becomes 'Na() and the Cl becomes 'Cl*), charged
+articles or ions%
CO:.LE) !OD
CO:.LE) !OD
bond formed by
bond formed by
the
the
sharing
sharing
of
of
electrons
electrons
Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond

Between nonmetallic elements of similar Between nonmetallic elements of similar

electronegativity. electronegativity.

1ormed by sharing electron pairs 1ormed by sharing electron pairs

2table non3ioni4ing particles, they are not 2table non3ioni4ing particles, they are not
conductors at any state conductors at any state

E-amples+ 0 E-amples+ 0
' '
, C0 , C0
' '
, C , C
' '
, ,
5 5
, , , ,
' '
0, 2iC 0, 2iC
when
when
electrons are
electrons are
shared
shared
equally
equally
NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS
H
2
or Cl
2
'. Covalent bonds3 &wo atoms share one or more +airs o$ outer*shell
electrons%
Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Molecule (O
Oxygen Molecule (O
2 2
)
)

when
when
electrons are
electrons are
shared but
shared but
shared
shared
unequally
unequally
POLAR COVALENT
BONDS
H
2
O
* water is a polar molecule because o,-gen is more
electronegative than h-drogen, and there$ore electrons
are +ulled closer to o,-gen%
Learning Check
Learning Check
.0 .0 ;hich of the following compounds are covalent1 ;hich of the following compounds are covalent1
%, %, a!r a!r ', C- ', C-
5 5
(, SiO (, SiO
' '
5, O 5, O
' '
4, #gCl 4, #gCl
' '
6, .lO 6, .lO
( (
9, - 9, -
( (
7, - 7, -
' '
SO SO
5 5
!0 ;hich of the following compounds are polar1 !0 ;hich of the following compounds are polar1
%, CO %, CO
' '
', !- ', !-
( (
(, -Cl (, -Cl 5, C- 5, C-
5 5
#E).LLIC
#E).LLIC
!OD
!OD
bond found in
bond found in
metals< holds
metals< holds
metal
metal
atoms together
atoms together
very strongly
very strongly
)etallic Bond
)etallic Bond

1ormed between atoms of metallic elements 1ormed between atoms of metallic elements

Electron cloud around atoms Electron cloud around atoms

6ood conductors at all states, lustrous, very 6ood conductors at all states, lustrous, very
high melting points high melting points

E-amples+ .a, 1e, Al, Au, Co E-amples+ .a, 1e, Al, Au, Co
&onic Bond, A 2ea of
&onic Bond, A 2ea of
Electrons
Electrons
)etals 1orm Alloys
)etals 1orm Alloys
.etals do not combine with metals% &he- $orm
/llo-s which is a solution o$ a metal in a metal%
0,am+les are steel, brass, bron1e and +ewter%
1ormula eights
1ormula eights

1ormula weight is the sum of the atomic 1ormula weight is the sum of the atomic
masses. masses.

E-ample3 C0 E-ample3 C0
' '

)ass, C 7 0 7 0 )ass, C 7 0 7 0
"'.8"" 7 "9.::; 7 "9.::;
"'.8"" 7 "9.::; 7 "9.::;
;(.:::
;(.:::

*ractice
*ractice

Compute the mass of the following compounds round to Compute the mass of the following compounds round to
nearest tenth < state type of bond% nearest tenth < state type of bond%

.aCl+ .aCl+

'( 7 (9 = 9=+ &onic Bond '( 7 (9 = 9=+ &onic Bond

C C
' '
, ,
5 5
+ +

'; 7 5 = (8+ Covalent Bond '; 7 5 = (8+ Covalent Bond

.a>C0 .a>C0
( (
) )
' '
+ +

'( 7 '>"' 7 (-"5) = "'(+ &onic < Covalent '( 7 '>"' 7 (-"5) = "'(+ &onic < Covalent