ELECTROMAGNETISM

By:
Joshua Alfred De la Cruz
Nicole Marie Dela Cruz
Stephen Miayo
History

The origin of electricity is and
magnetism sprang from ancient mens
curiosity over the ability of two
materials, amber and lodestone to
attract other materials.

With the publication of James Clerk
Maxwell's 1873 Treatise on
Electricity and Magnetism in which
the interactions of positive and
negative charges were shown to be
regulated by one force.


History

There are four main effects
resulting from these
interactions, all of which have
been clearly demonstrated by
experiments:

Electric charges attract or repel
one another with a force
inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between
them: unlike charges attract,
like ones repel.

History

Magnetic poles attract or
repel one another in a
similar way and always come
in pairs: every north pole is
yoked to a south pole.

An electric current in a wire
creates a circular magnetic
field around the wire, its
direction depending on that
of the current.


History

A current is induced in a
loop of wire when it is
moved towards or away from a
magnetic field, or a magnet
is moved towards or away
from it, the direction of
current depending on that of
the movement.

Magnetism

It is the term used to refer to the
ability of lodestones to attract iron.

A material having this property is
called a magnet.

The modern name for lodestone or
magnetic iron ore is magnetite.
Classification

Natural
They are found in nature and are
called lodestones or magnetite.

Artificial
May be temporary or permanent.
Retentivity is the ability of a
magnetic material to retain its
magnetism after it has been
magnetized.


Classification

Electromagnet

A magnet whose magnetic field
is produced by electric current
passing through coils of wire
wrapped around a core.
Types

Ferromagnetism
Are strongly attracted be a magnet.
They include iron, cobalt, nickel, and steel.
In ferromagnetic materials, all electrons are
spinning in the same direction.

Diamagnetism
Is a weak response to magnetic field.
Materials are repelled by a magnetic field.
Metals, like bismuth, copper, gold, silver,
lead, nonmetals, water, and organic compounds
are diamagnetic.

Types


Paramagnetism

Weakly attracted to magnets.

When cooled, more magnetic.


Geomagnetism

Referred as Earths
magnetism.

William Gilbert- conducted
experiments and concluded
that the Earth was a huge
magnet.


Law of Magnetic Poles

Peter Petegrinus- same poles
repel.

William Gilbert- confirmed it.

John Michael- force of
attraction or repulsion
between poles varies inversely
as the square of the distance
between them.
Law of Magnetic Poles

Charles de Coulomb- force between two
poles is directly proportional to the
product of the poles and inversely
proportional to the square of the
distance between them.

By combining these relation, he proposed
the equation:
m
1
m
2

F= k
d
2

Where F is the force, k as the constant, m are pole
strengths in ampere, and d is the distance in meters.
Magnetic Field

Is a region of space where a
magnet is capable of
exerting a force on a
magnetic material.

Analogous to the electric
field around an electric
charge.

Magnetic Field

Is also defined in terms of
the force exerted on an
electric charge moving in the
field.

Michael Faraday- introduced
the idea that the magnetic
field is made up of lines of
force which is called the
magnetic flux.
Magnetic Field

Magnetic flux- its unit is
weber(Wb), flux per unit
area perpedicular to te fiel
is called magnetic field
intensity the SI unit for I
is tesla. Named afte Nikola
tesla.

Magnetic Effect of Current

Chistian Oersted- made a
demonstration on the heating
effect of a current.

by this , he accidentally discovered
that a current-carrying conductor
produces a magnetic field and this
was influenced the orientation of
the nearby compass.

right hand rule- the magnetic field
produced by a current may be
determined by this.
The Electromagnet

A magnet whose magnetic field is
produced by electric current
passing through coils of wire
wrapped around a core and the
strength depends on the number of
turns and current.

The first ever electromagnet was
made by William Sturgeon and
later improved by Joseph Henry.

Uses

They can be turn on/off.

The strength can be varied.

Very large magnetic field can be
produced.

Used in steel yards.

Essential parts in the construction of
electric meters, electric generators,
circuit breakers, motors and others.

Electromagnetic Induction

Process by which a changing
magnetic flux produces electric
current.

The current and emf produce is
called induced current an induces
emf.

There are two laws describing the
electromagnet induction:
Faradays law and Lenzs law.
Electromagnetic Induction

Faradays law- states that
whenever there is a change in
the magnetic flux in a
circuit, an induced current is
produce.

Lenzs law- states that the
induced current flows in a
direction so as to oppose the
change causing it.
Application

Discovery of Faraday and
Henry paved the development
of the generator,
transformer and other
devices that made the
production of electricity
cheaper.

AC/DC Generator

Converts mechanical energy
to electrical energy.

Hyppolyte Pixii- was
credited for having made the
first electric generator.


Parts of a Simple AC generator

armature- consist of coils of
insulated wire wound around a
soft iron core.

- attached to a shaft so
that it can rotate between the
poles of the magnet.

- ends are connected to
the external circuit by means of
slip rings that rotate with the
armature.

Parts of a Simple AC generator

Slip rings- made of either brass or
copper.

- insulated from each other
and from he shaft.

- each rings slides against
the stationary brush .

Brush- collect the current and
transmit it to the external circuit.


Motor

A generator operating
reverse.

Changes electrical energy to
mechanical energy.

Has the same parts as a
simple DC generator.
Parts of a Motor

Brushes are connected to a
battery to send current to the
armature.

Magnetic field produced by this
current in the armature interacts
with the field of the magnet and
exerts a force that rotates the
armature.

A shaft attached to the armature
makes the motion for doing work.
Parts of a Motor
Transformer

a device used to raise or
lower the voltage of an AC
source.

consist primary and
secondary coils placed side
by side having a common iron
core.



Transformer

Plays a major role in power
transmission.

Whenever electricity is
transmitted , there is
always loss of power because
of the resistance of the
transmission wires.

Types of Transformer

Step down transformer-
lowers the voltage.

Step up transformer- raises
the voltage.

THANK YOU!