INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS



References:
Bernhard (Chapter 1, 4, 6-14)
Rappaport (Chapter 1)
Prasad (Chapter 1)
Kaaranen (Chapter 1)

INTRODUCTION
Communication Medium
Acoustical
Optical
Mechanical
Electrical
- wired
- wireless
Wireless versus Mobile
Private versus Public

Communication history
heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...
150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

Electromagnetic Wave
1831-79 Faraday and Maxwell demonstrates
electromagnetic induction and theory of
electromagnetic fields
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates the wave
character of electrical transmission through space
HISTORY
1896 Guglielmo Marconi
first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy
long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary ( +200kw)
1907 Commercial Trans-Atlantic connections
huge ground stations (30 by 100m antennas)
1915 Wireless voice transmission NY - SF
1920 Discovery of short waves (< 100m) by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere
(cheaper) smaller sender and receiver, possible
due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee
DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

HISTORY
1920 First commercial radio broadcast in Pgh.
1928 many TV broadcast trials
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1935 First telephone call around the world
1958, then 1972 A-Netz and B-Netz in Germany
analog, 160 MHz, connection setup from the fixed
network too (but location of the mobile station has
to be known)
1974 FCC allocates 40 MHz for Cellular telephony
1982 Start of GSM-specification in Europe (Global
System for Mobile communication)
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System, analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
HISTORY
1986 C-Netz in Germany
analog voice, 450 MHz, handoff possible, digital
signaling, automatic location of mobile device
still in use today (as T-C-Tel), services: FAX,
modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage
1991 Specification of DECT
Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital
Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
- ~100 - 500 m range, 120 duplex ch., 1,2 Mbps data
transmission, voice encryption, authentication
1992 Start of GSM
fully digital, 900 MHz, 124 channels
automatic location, handoff, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide > 100 countries
services: data with 9,6 kbps, FAX, voice, ...

HISTORY
1994 E-Netz in Germany
GSM with 1800 MHz, smaller cells, supported by 11
countries
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
standardization of type 1: 5,15 5,30GHz, 23,5 Mbps
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5 GHz) and 4
(17 GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155 Mbps)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
IEEE-Standard, 2,4 2,5 GHz and infrared, 2 Mbps
already many products (with proprietary extensions)
1998 Specification of GSM successors
for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System) as European proposals for IMT-2000
HISTORY
2000
IMT2000/UMTS tested and deployed with multimedia
services
2010s
Wireless Broadband communication will be available with B-
OFDM and all IP
2010s+
Radio over fiber (such as fiber optic micro cell)
HISTORY/FUTURE?
VISION
People and their machines should be able to access
information and communicate with each other easily
and securely, in any medium or combination of media-
voice, data, image, video, or multimedia-any time,
anywhere, in a timely, cost-effective way

Dr George H.Heilmeier IEEE Communication
Mag.October 1992
Advantages
Cost independent of terrain and distance
Suitable for incremental capacity enhancement, i.e. flexible
planning
Reduced maintenance effort, i.e. better reliability
Ease of installation and maintenance, i.e. suitability for temporary
or emergency services
Dynamic use of medium, i.e trunking capability
Limited mobility
Suitable for multiple operators, i.e. service liberalisation
Limitation
Capacity limited by frequency allocation, i.e. cellular design is
expensive
Margin has to be provided for multipath propagation effect, i.e.
expensive for normal urban application
Power source required at terminal end
WIRELESS ADVANTAGES/LIMITATION
FAMILY TREE (Ramjee Prasad)
GENERATIONS
SERVICES

Walkie Talkie/Radiophone
Paging
Private Mobile Radio and Trunked Mobile Radio
Cordless System
Cellular System and Personal Communication
Bluetooth, Adhoc Network and Wireless PAN
Wireless Local Loop (WiLL/RiLL)
Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Wireless ATM (WATM)
Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS)
Mobile Satellite
DSRR and etc.

WALKIE TALKIE
Push on and off
Half duplex
Low quality
Short Distance
No privacy to user

Radio paging is defined in CCIR Recommendation 584 as:
a non-speech, one-way, personal selective calling system with alert, without
message or with defined message such as numeric or alphanumeric
Simplex and up to 1000 character (Low quality) can be sent
Strength: inexpensive, small receiver, wide area, no antenna
required, discrete communication of messages
Weakness: no confirmation of received message, malicious user
Form of paging: Public (wide area) and Private (on site)
The Paging Network Controller (PNC) handles the user interface
and the user features of a paging system via PSTN
The Transmission Network (TN) is the infrastructure through which
the pages are distributed to Paging Base Stations (PBS) which are
located over a wide geographical area.
Older paging concepts:
2Tone, 5Tone, NEC, Golay, Voice Paging
RDS (Radio Data System) and based on sequential tone
Today, there are two different digital:
Post Office Code Standard Advisory Group (POCSAG)
European Radio Messaging System (ERMES)

PAGING
Private Mobile Radio
Use one radio channel
Duplex operation
Serve needs of certain group
Control fleet of mobile e.g. police, taxi, etc.
Use common channel
Buy or rent equipment
Pay to system operator for accessing fee
Limitation
Congestion
Limited number of channels
Low capacity system
High transmission power from RBS
Interference because no frequency re-use
Lack of control over users and lack of privacy
No link to PSTN
Limited support of voice and data transmission
PMR
TRUNKED RADIO
Duplex operation
Users share a pool of channels
Increased availability since user only allocated a
channel when needed
Possible to recognize the private mobile radio
Channels allocated are only available to users of that
system
Optional access to PSTN
High grade of service and quality of speech
Spectrum saving and low installation cost
Privacy
User-friendly
Wide range of user facilities (selective calling, variable
group and priority call)
Large operational coverage area
Easy accommodation of new users
TRUNKED RADIO
TRUNKED RADIO
Standard
MPT1327 (1988)
Analog system in Great Britain, Germany etc.
Service - normal call, priority call, recorded announcement,
conference call, radio telegram etc.
Signalling standard is possible to configure the systems of
any type and size: Single-site system (2-20 channels), Regional
Network (2 - 100 channels), Multi-regional or national network
Other related standards - MPT 1343 (terminal), 1347 (fixed
network), 1352 (network conformity)
Band 3 Sub Band 1 - 177.2125 > 183.4875 MHz Base Transmit /
Mobiles Transmit + 8 MHz
Band 3 Sub Band 2 - 201.2125 > 207.4875 MHz Base Transmit /
Mobiles Transmit - 8 MHz
Data network e.g. MOBITEX, MODACOM, ARDIS, COGNITO
Trans European TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA)
Introduced by Mobile Digital Trunked Radio System (MDTRS)
2 families: Voice plus Data Standard (V+D) and Data only (Packet
Data Optimized Standard, PDO)
410-415 MHz (Portable Tx), 420-425 MHz (Base Tx)


CORDLESS SYSTEM
The cordless telephone, as its name implies, replaces the cord to the
handset with a radio link, giving user degree of mobility
Cordless telephone consists of (1) Base unit and (2) Portable unit
The range to the fixed base unit can be many tens of meters,
depending on its siting
The principal difference between cellular and cordless communication
technologies is the degree of mobility provided to the subscriber
Cellular system allow mobile subscriber to communicate continuously
over wide areas by providing handover to adjacent cells while cordless
system restrict mobility to a finite area
First generation cordless (CT-1) system are based on analogue
technologies and charaterised by variable quality and are prone to
interference with nearby system. Other disadvantages:
poor speech quality
limited range
bulky
short battery life
poor security

CORDLESS FREQUENCY
1.7 MHz (CT-0) - The earliest analog models (just above the AM band).
No longer in production, and were very susceptible to interference from
fluorescent lights and nearby automobile ignition systems
46-47 MHz (330m) - This band contains a huge installed base of
analog models. Low-power walk-talkies and baby monitors share this
same frequency band of 10-25 channels. Some models use audio
inversion for scrambling. The unscrambled models are very easily heard
by practically any radio scanner or a neighbor with a similar phone. This
band can be quite crowded, depending on density of users in a given
area.
902-928 MHz (1.5-21, km) - Identified by their shorter non-
telescoping antennas. Only the models with digital spread spectrum
(DSS) cannot be readily heard by a radio scanner but not the analog
models. This band is much less crowded than the 46-47 MHz band and
have 80 channels. Each manufacturer uses some but not all of the
available channels
2.7 GHz - Consists of 50-100 channels. Few radio scanners cover this
band, and analog and digital spread spectrum models are available to
ensure privacy.
Others - 5.8 GHz (http://www.vtech.com/about/press/5.8GHz_phone.pdf)

CORDLESS STANDARD
SWAP - Shared Wireless
Access Protocol
CTM - Cordless Terminal
Mobility
CT-2 and CT3 (DECT)
CT2
Use digital technology
3 main applications: Domestic use (Residential), Cordless PABX ,
Telepoint
promoted as Telepoint
DECT
A standard originally developed by ETSI (1992) in Europe
Applications includes domestic cordless, Telepoint, cordless PBXs, and
RLL
Support multiple bearer channels for speech and data transmission,
handover, location registration, and paging
DECT is closer to a cellular system than to a classical cordless
telephone. However, the interface to the PSTN or ISDN network
remains the same as for PBX or corded telephone

DIGITAL CORDLESS
SATELLITE
International Satellite Organisations
INTELSAT (International Telecommunication Satellite Organisation)
EUTELSAT (European Telecommunication Satellite Organisation)
INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organisation)
Frequency band - C (3.7-4.2GHz), Ku (10.7-12.5GHz) and Ka (18-24GHz)
Orbit
Geostationary Earth Orbit (36000 km) - Intelsat, Eutelsat, Measat, Arabsat
Medium Earth Orbit (10000 km) - IcoGlobal
Low Earth Orbit (700 km) - Orbcomm, Starnet/Iridium, Globalstar, Ellipso (Big LEO)
Highly Elliptical Orbit - Apogee > 30000 km and perigee < 3000 km - HEOS
Polar Orbit - NPOESS
Applications
Space Research: thermal experiences,microgravity experiences, etc.
Earth Observation: remote sensing satellites, etc.
Space Operational Uses: Space Shuttles and Launches
Air Navigation : air surveillance and satellite positioning (GPS)
Telecommunications: Telephone, Radio and Television Broadcast
Personal Communication
Military
Broadband Transmission: High speed data transfers
Very Small Aparture Terminal (VSAT)
Services - FSS, MSS, DBS etc.
SATELLITE (Orbit and Application)
INFRARED vs RADIO
Infrared
uses IR diodes, diffuse light,
multiple reflections (walls,
furniture etc.)
Advantages
simple, cheap, available in
many mobile devices
no licenses needed
simple shielding possible
Disadvantages
interference by sunlight, heat
sources etc.
many things shield or absorb
IR light
low bandwidth
Example
IrDA (Infrared Data
Association) interface
available everywhere
Radio
typically using the license free
ISM band at 2.4 GHz
Advantages
experience from wireless WAN
and mobile phones can be used
coverage of larger areas
possible (radio can penetrate
walls, furniture etc.)
Disadvantages
very limited license free
frequency bands
shielding more difficult,
interference with other electrical
devices
Example
WaveLAN, HIPERLAN,
Bluetooth
Source: Schiller
WLAN
Wireless equivalent of Ethernet
Unlicensed: ISM Band (2.4 GHz)
Benefits Mobility, Installation speed and simplicity,Installation
flexibility, Reduced cost of ownership, Scalability
Base stations (APs): Connect to Ethernet
Laptop Cards: Drivers for Windows, Linux, MacOS
Typical range is up to 300 m/30 m
Technology
Spread spectrum (wideband) RF
Use more spectrum for better reliability
Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum
Direct-Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum
Narrowband RF
Infrared
Standard developed by IEEE and ETSI BRAN

WLAN STANDARD
ETSI BRAN
HIPERLAN - HIgh
PErformance Radio LAN
HIPERLAN/1 - 1996
uses 5.15-5.30 GHz band
data rates up to 20 Mbps
channel access method:
EY-NPMA (Elimination
Yield Non-Pre-emptive
Multiple Access)
HIPERLAN/2 - 2000
only minor differences
from IEEE 802.11a
uses 5.15-5.30 GHz
data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18,
27, 36 and 54 Mbps
2 operating modes:
centralized and direct
mandatory FEC
IEEE standards
802.11
provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the
2.4 GHz band
using either FH or DS
802.11a
provides up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz
band
uses an orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) encoding scheme
802.11b
also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or
Wi-Fi by WECA
provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a
fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4
GHz band.
uses only DS
802.11g
provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.
WLAN STANDARD
IEEE 802.11 FH
1, 2 Mb/s
ETSI BRAN H1
23 Mb/s
ETSI BRAN H2
9-54 Mb/s
IEEE802.11a
9-54 Mb/s
IEEE 802.11 DS
1, 2 Mb/s
IEEE 802.11b HR
1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mb/s
Proxim OpenAir FH
1.6 Mb/s
HomeRF FH
1.6 Mb/s
1996
2000
1997
1998
1999
2.4 GHz (BW 80 MHz) 5 GHz (BW 450 MHz)
ETSI BRAN H2
9-54 Mb/s
IEEE 802.11b HR
1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mb/s
IEEE 802.11g
standard
20+ Mb/s
WLAN
products
2002
WATM
WATM - Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM + Radio Access
WATM provides wireless broadband access to a fixed ATM network
Created in 1996 by ATM Forum Working Group (WG)
ATM Data rate: 155-622 Mbps
Transmission medium: Fiber optics
Cell-switching and multiplexing technology: Fixed 53-byte cells
and Connection-oriented
Constant or variable data rate, different service types
Useful for high-speed LAN interconnection
Allows user terminal mobility withhigh-speed capacity and QoS
FIXED WIRELESS ACCESS
MOBILE
WIRELESS ACCESS
(MWA)
NARROW BAND
(NWA)
BROAD BAND
(BWA)
MULTI MEDIA
(MWS)
FIXED WIRELESS ACCESS
(FWA) or
WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP
(WLL)
NOMADIC WIRELESS ACCESS
(NWA) or
WIRELESS LOCAL AREA
NETWORKS (WLAN)
WIRELESS ACCESS
(WA)
WHAT IS FWA?
BROADBAND, BROADERBAND, NARROWBAND, VOICE, DATA,
INTERNET, VIDEO, TELEMEDICINE, TELE-EDUCATION,
CONNECTIVITY, . . .
DATA OVER FWA; MEGABYTES AND EVEN GIGABYTES/SECOND
DEFINITIONS IN JRG 8A-9B
WIRELESS ACCESS
MOBILE WIRELESS ACCESS
NOMADIC WIRELESS ACCESS
BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS
END USER AND END USER CONNECTION POINT
HAPS
MULTIPOINT SYSTEMS
FWA IS NOT AN ALLOCATION OR SPECTRUM DESIGNATION

WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL)
WLL is a generic term for an access system that uses a wireless
link to connect subscribers to their local exchange in place of
conventional copper cable
Benefit
low installation and maintenance costs
rapid deployment
reduced outside plant requirement
immediate availability of enhanced services
Systems WLL is based on:
Cellular/Microcellular
Cordless
Satellite (specific and adjunct)
Other names
Radio In The Loop (RITL)
Fixed-Radio Access (FRA)

WLL SYSTEM
MMDS (Multipoint Microwave Distribution System)
MMDS - Multichannel Microwave Distribution System or Multi-channel
Multi-point Distribution System and wireless cable (fibre)
It is a proven wireless technology, which has been used for TV signal
transmission (one way and up to 28/33 channels using such as
168MHz/2.150 and 2.682GHz spectrum) for more than 30 years
Now MMDS become wireless broadband technology for Internet access
(2 ways service and allow point to multipoint operation)
MMDS is a line-of-sight service (Fresnel Zone) with coverage up to 35
mile from one antenna
MMDS channels come in 6 MHz chunks and runs on licensed and
unlicensed channels. Each channel can reach transfer rates as high as
27Mbps (over unlicensed channels: 99MHz, 2.4GHz, and 5.7 to 5.8GHz)
or 1Gbps (over licensed channels).
MMDS frequencies allow us to provide you with television and High-Speed
Internet access directly into your home - with digital precision - offering
clear, wide ranging, signal coverage. Rain, snow, and fog do not interfere
with signal performance. Our service area encompasses a 35-mile radius
from each of our MMDS transmitters.
MMDS
LMDS (Local Multi-Point Distribution System)
LMDS is a broadband wireless access technology to deliver voice,
data, Internet and video services that provides point-to-multipoint
microwave connections in the 28-GHz and 31-GHz range. (27.5 to
29.5 GHz band in the US)
L(Local) - Denotes that propagation characteristics of signals in this
frequency range limit the potential coverage area of a single cell site;
(up to 5 miles)
M(Multipoint) - Indicates that signals are transmitted in a point to
multipoint or broadcast method.
D(Distribution) - refers to the distribution of signals, which may
consists of simultaneous voice, data, Internet, and video traffic.
S(Service) - Implies the nature of relationship between operator and
client. The services offered are basically depended on the operator
choice of business.
Cable modem, XDSL/ADSL and fiber deployment is often
undesirable - existing buildings and infrastructure
impractical - terrain
costly - extensive build-up
Shot haul and Line-Of-Sight (LOS) connection

LMDS

DATA SERVICES