CCD & CMOS Image

CCD & CMOS Image

Sensors
Sensors
Marcus Bowden
Marcus Bowden
Bruno Garcia
Bruno Garcia
COSC 3P92 - Seminar
COSC 3P92 - Seminar

Contents
Contents
1. 1.
What is an Image sensor
What is an Image sensor
2. 2.
Possi!e uses "or Image Sensors
Possi!e uses "or Image Sensors
3. 3.
CC# Image Sensors
CC# Image Sensors
$. $.
CMOS Image Sensors
CMOS Image Sensors
%. %.
Main &d'antages(#isad'antages
Main &d'antages(#isad'antages
etween CMOS and CC#
etween CMOS and CC#
). ).
*uestions and comments
*uestions and comments

What is an Image Sensor?
What is an Image Sensor?

&n Image Sensor is a +hotosensiti'e

&n Image Sensor is a +hotosensiti'e
de'ice that con'erts !ight signa!s into
de'ice that con'erts !ight signa!s into
digita! signa!s ,co!ours(-GB data..
digita! signa!s ,co!ours(-GB data..

/0+ica!!01 the two main t0+es in common

/0+ica!!01 the two main t0+es in common
use are CC# and CMOS sensors and are
use are CC# and CMOS sensors and are
main!0 used in digita! cameras and other
main!0 used in digita! cameras and other
imaging de'ices.
imaging de'ices.

CC# stands "or Charged-Cou+!ed #e'ice

CC# stands "or Charged-Cou+!ed #e'ice
and CMOS stands "or Com+!ementar0
and CMOS stands "or Com+!ementar0
Meta!2O3ide2Semiconductor
Meta!2O3ide2Semiconductor

Mirror
Co'ering
Image Sensor
Mirror -aised
Sensor
43+osed

Uses?
Uses?

Image sensors are not

Image sensors are not
on!0 !imited to digita!
on!0 !imited to digita!
cameras.
cameras.

Image sensors are used

Image sensors are used
in other "ie!ds such as5
in other "ie!ds such as5
6 &stronom01 most nota!0 &stronom01 most nota!0
in the 7u!e S+ace in the 7u!e S+ace
/e!esco+e /e!esco+e
6 Machine 'ision(sensing Machine 'ision(sensing
6 89 S+ectrosco+0 89 S+ectrosco+0
6 4tc. 4tc.

How Image Sensors Work
How Image Sensors Work

Both CC# and CMOS Both CC# and CMOS

sensors wor: 0 em+!o0ing sensors wor: 0 em+!o0ing
+hotosensiti'e circuitr0 +hotosensiti'e circuitr0
that reacts to !ight and that reacts to !ight and
stores the ana!og signa!s stores the ana!og signa!s
as digita! data1 name!0 an as digita! data1 name!0 an
image. image.

/he0 oth use di""erent /he0 oth use di""erent

methods to achie'e this. methods to achie'e this.

;irst we wi!! ta:e a !oo: at ;irst we wi!! ta:e a !oo: at

CC# image sensors. CC# image sensors.

CCD
CCD

& CC#1 or a Charged-Cou+!ed #e'ice1 is a & CC#1 or a Charged-Cou+!ed #e'ice1 is a

+hotosensiti'e ana!og de'ice that records !ight as a +hotosensiti'e ana!og de'ice that records !ight as a
sma!! e!ectrica! charge in each o" its +i3e!s or ce!!s. In sma!! e!ectrica! charge in each o" its +i3e!s or ce!!s. In
essence a CC# is an co!!ection o" CC# ce!!s. essence a CC# is an co!!ection o" CC# ce!!s.

/he signa! ca+tured 0 the CC# re<uires additiona! /he signa! ca+tured 0 the CC# re<uires additiona!
circuitr0 to con'ert the ana!og !ight data into a circuitr0 to con'ert the ana!og !ight data into a
reada!e digita! signa!. reada!e digita! signa!.

/his is main!0 !a0ers o" ca+acitors ca!!ed Stages which /his is main!0 !a0ers o" ca+acitors ca!!ed Stages which
act as a wa0 to trans+ort the ana!og signa! to an arra0 act as a wa0 to trans+ort the ana!og signa! to an arra0
o" "!i+-"!o+s which store the data a!! contro!!ed 0 a o" "!i+-"!o+s which store the data a!! contro!!ed 0 a
c!oc: signa!. c!oc: signa!.

/his is the de"inition o" an &na!og Shi"t -egister. /his is the de"inition o" an &na!og Shi"t -egister.

CCD
CCD

When !ight stri:es a CC#1 it ac<uires an e!ectrica!

When !ight stri:es a CC#1 it ac<uires an e!ectrica!
charge according to how much !ight has hit the
charge according to how much !ight has hit the
+articu!ar CC# ce!!.
+articu!ar CC# ce!!.

4ach CC# ce!! can trans"er its charge to its

4ach CC# ce!! can trans"er its charge to its
neighoring ce!! and then o"" to e3terna! circuitr0.
neighoring ce!! and then o"" to e3terna! circuitr0.

/he charge is then read o"" 0 an ana!og-to-

/he charge is then read o"" 0 an ana!og-to-
digita! con'erter as an integer on a range o" = to
digita! con'erter as an integer on a range o" = to
$=9% "or most modern #S>- cameras. >ower
$=9% "or most modern #S>- cameras. >ower
ranges e3ist1 such as =-2%%1 "or !ower <ua!it0
ranges e3ist1 such as =-2%%1 "or !ower <ua!it0
cameras.
cameras.

How CCDs Record Colour
How CCDs Record Colour

4ach CC# ce!! in the CC# arra0 4ach CC# ce!! in the CC# arra0
+roduces a sing!e 'a!ue inde+endent +roduces a sing!e 'a!ue inde+endent
o" co!our. o" co!our.

/o ma:e co!our images1 CC# ce!!s /o ma:e co!our images1 CC# ce!!s
are organi?ed in grou+s o" "our ce!!s are organi?ed in grou+s o" "our ce!!s
,ma:ing one +i3e!. and a Ba0er ;i!ter ,ma:ing one +i3e!. and a Ba0er ;i!ter
is +!aced on to+ o" the grou+ to is +!aced on to+ o" the grou+ to
a!!ow on!0 red !ight to hit one o" the a!!ow on!0 red !ight to hit one o" the
"our ce!!s1 !ue !ight to hit another "our ce!!s1 !ue !ight to hit another
and green !ight to hit the remaining and green !ight to hit the remaining
two. two.

/he reasoning ehind the two green /he reasoning ehind the two green
ce!!s is ecause the human e0e is ce!!s is ecause the human e0e is
more sensiti'e to green !ight and it more sensiti'e to green !ight and it
is more con'enient to use a $ +i3e! is more con'enient to use a $ +i3e!
"i!ter than a 3 +i3e! "i!ter ,harder to "i!ter than a 3 +i3e! "i!ter ,harder to
im+!ement. and can e com+ensated im+!ement. and can e com+ensated
a"ter a image ca+ture with a"ter a image ca+ture with
something ca!!ed white a!ance. something ca!!ed white a!ance.

43. & Ba0er "i!ter a++!ied to the 43. & Ba0er "i!ter a++!ied to the
under!0ing CC# +i3e! under!0ing CC# +i3e!


A CMOS Sensor
A CMOS Sensor

CMOS
CMOS

& CMOS1 or Com+!ementar0 Meta! O3ide

Semiconductor1 each +i3e! has neighoring
transistors which !oca!!0 +er"orm the
ana!og to digita! con'ersion.

/his di""erence in readout has man0

im+!ications in the o'era!! organi?ation and
ca+ai!it0 o" the camera.

4ach one o" these +i3e! sensors are ca!!ed

an &cti'e Pi3e! Sensor ,&PS..


CMOS
CMOS

/he imaging !ogic is integrated on a CMOS

/he imaging !ogic is integrated on a CMOS
chi+1 where a CC# is a modu!ar imager
chi+1 where a CC# is a modu!ar imager
that can e re+!aced.
that can e re+!aced.

Because o" this1 design o" a new CMOS

Because o" this1 design o" a new CMOS
chi+ is more e3+ensi'e.
chi+ is more e3+ensi'e.

7owe'er1 &PSs are transistor-ased1 which

7owe'er1 &PSs are transistor-ased1 which
means that CMOS chi+s can e chea+!0
means that CMOS chi+s can e chea+!0
manu"actured on an0 standard si!icon
manu"actured on an0 standard si!icon
+roduction !ine.
+roduction !ine.

ros and Cons
ros and Cons

CC#
CC#

@eeds e3tra circuitr0

@eeds e3tra circuitr0
to con'ert to digita!
to con'ert to digita!
signa!
signa!

7igh d0namic range o"

7igh d0namic range o"
!ighting
!ighting

>ess noise due to !ess

>ess noise due to !ess
on-chi+ circuitr0
on-chi+ circuitr0

CMOS
CMOS

7igher cost to de'e!o+

7igher cost to de'e!o+

On-chi+ ana!og-to-
On-chi+ ana!og-to-
digita! con'ersion
digita! con'ersion

>ower com+!e3it0 on
>ower com+!e3it0 on
the sensor !eading to
the sensor !eading to
"aster image ca+ture
"aster image ca+ture

-educed +ower
-educed +ower
consum+tion
consum+tion

!oise and D"namic Range
!oise and D"namic Range

Works Cited
Works Cited

htt+5((www.da!sa.com(cor+(mar:ets(CC#A'sACMOS.as+3 htt+5((www.da!sa.com(cor+(mar:ets(CC#A'sACMOS.as+3

htt+5((e!ectronics.howstu""wor:s.com(<uestion3)2.htm htt+5((e!ectronics.howstu""wor:s.com(<uestion3)2.htm

htt+5((www.a3is.com(+roducts('ideo(camera(ccdAcmos.htm htt+5((www.a3is.com(+roducts('ideo(camera(ccdAcmos.htm

htt+5((en.wi:i+edia.org(wi:i(ImageAsensor htt+5((en.wi:i+edia.org(wi:i(ImageAsensor

htt+5((www.:enroc:we!!.com htt+5((www.:enroc:we!!.com

htt+5((en.wi:i+edia.org(wi:i(S+ectrosco+0 htt+5((en.wi:i+edia.org(wi:i(S+ectrosco+0

htt+5((www.nasa.go'(wor!doo:(hu!eAte!esco+eAwor!doo:.htm! htt+5((www.nasa.go'(wor!doo:(hu!eAte!esco+eAwor!doo:.htm!

htt+5((www.sensorc!eaning.com(whatisasensor.+h+ htt+5((www.sensorc!eaning.com(whatisasensor.+h+

/anenaum1 &ndrew S.1 /anenaum1 &ndrew S.1 Structured Com+uter Organi?ation Structured Com+uter Organi?ation. &msterdam5 . &msterdam5
Pearson 4ducation1 2==B. Pearson 4ducation1 2==B.