Teknologi

Elektrik

(BBT 3623)

Bab 1:
Litar Elektrik
Teknologi
Elektrik

(BBT 3623)

Bab 3:
Sistem Tiga
Fasa
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
Describe a single-phase supply
Describe a three-phase supply
Understand a star connection, and recognise that I
L
=I
p
and V
L
= 3V
p
Draw a complete phasor diagram for a balanced, star connected load
Understand a delta connection, and recognise that V
L
=V
p
and I
L
=3I
p
Draw a phasor diagram for a balanced, delta connected load
Calculate power in three-phase systems using P=3 V
L
I
L
cos
Appreciate how power is measured in a three-phase system, by the one
two and three-wattmeter methods
Compare star and delta connections
Appreciate the advantages of three-phase systems
3.1 Introduction
Generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity via the National Grid system is
accomplished by three phase alternating currents.
The voltage induced by a single coil when rotated in a
uniform magnetic field is shown in Figure and is
known as a single-phase voltage.
3.1 Introduction
Most consumers are fed by means of a single-phase a.c. supply.
Two wires are used, one called the live conductor (usually
coloured red) and the other is called the neutral conductor
(usually coloured black).
The neutral is usually connected via protective gear to earth, the
earth wire being coloured green.
The standard voltage for a single phase a.c. supply is 240V.
The majority of single-phase supplies are obtained by
connection to a three-phase supply
3.2 Three-Phase Supply
A three-phase supply is generated when three
coils are placed 120 apart and the whole
rotated in a uniform magnetic field
3.2 Three-Phase Supply
The convention adopted to identify each of the phase voltages
is: R-red,Y-yellow, and B-blue,.
The phase-sequence is given by the sequence in which the
conductors pass the point initially taken by the red conductor.
The national standard phase sequence is R,Y, B.
3.3 Three Phase Connection
If the three-phase windings are kept independent
then six wires are needed to connect a supply
source (such as a generator) to a load (such as
motor).
To reduce the number of wires it is usual to
interconnect the three phases.
There are two ways in which this can be done, these
being:
i. a star connection
ii. a delta connection
3.3 Three Phase Connection
Star connection (3 phase - 3 Wires)
R
Y
B
Z
R
Z
B
Z
Y
3.3 Three Phase Connection
Star connection (3 phase - 4 Wires)
R
Y
B
N
Z
R
Z
B
Z
Y
3.3 Three Phase Connection
Delta connection
R
Y
B
Z
RB
Z
RY
Z
BY
3.4 Star Connection
V
R
, V
Y
and V
B
are called phase voltages or line to neutral
voltages. ( generally denoted by V
P
).
V
RY
, V
YB
and V
BR
are called line voltages
3.4 Star Connection
I
R
, I
Y
and I
B
line current (denoted by I
L
)=
Phase current denoted by I
P
For a star connection I
L
=I
P

3.4 Star Connection
For a balanced system
3.4 Star Connection
V
RY
=V
R
V
Y
V
RY
=V
R
+(V
Y
))
By trigonometry, or by measurement,
3.4 Star Connection
The star connection of the three phases of a
supply, together with a neutral conductor,
allows the use of two voltages the phase
voltage and the line voltage.
A 4-wire system is also used when the load is
not balanced. The standard electricity supply to
consumers in Malaysia is 415/240V, 50 Hz, 3-
phase, 4-wire alternating current
3.4 Star Connection
3.4 Star Connection
3.4 Star Connection
3.4 Star Connection
(i) Draw V
R
=V
Y
=V
B
=240V and spaced
120 apart
(ii) Power factor= cos =0.966 lagging phase
angle is given by cos
1
(0.966)=15
I
R
=I
Y
=I
B
=5A, lagging V
R
, V
Y
and V
B
respectively by 15.
(iii) V
RY
=V
R
V
Y
V
YB
=V
Y
V
B
V
BR
=V
B
V
R
V
R
=240V
V
Y
=240V
V
B
=240V
I
R
=5A
I
Y
=5A
I
B
=5A
15
V
RY
=415V
30
V
YB
=415V
V
BR
=415V
3.4 Star Connection
3.4 Star Connection
3.5 Delta Connection
V
RY
, V
YB
and V
BR
phase voltages
For delta connection V
P
=V
L

3.5 Delta Connection
I
R
=I
RY
I
BR
=I
RY
+(I
BR
)
3.5 Delta Connection
I
R
=I
RY
I
BR
=I
RY
+(I
BR
)
By trigonometri @ measurement
3.5 Delta Connection
3.5 Delta Connection
1
3.5 Delta Connection
3.5 Delta Connection
3.5 Delta Connection
Thus when the load is connected in delta,
three times the line current is taken
from the supply than is taken if connected in
star.
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
The power dissipated in a three-phase load is given by
the sum of the power dissipated in each phase
If a load is balanced then the total power P is given by:
P=3power consumed by one phase.
The power consumed in one phase= or
V
p
I
p
cos
(where is the phase angle between V
p
and I
p
).
p
2
p
R I
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
For a star connection,
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
For a delta connection,
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
Hence for either a star or a delta balanced connection
the total power P is given by:
Total volt-amperes
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
3.6 Power in three-phase systems
Hence loads connected in delta dissipate
three times the power than when connected
in star, and also take a line current three
times greater
3.7 Measurement of power in three-phase
systems
(i) One-wattmeter method for a balanced load
3.7 Measurement of power in three-phase
systems
(ii) Two-wattmeter method for balanced or unbalanced
loads
3.7 Measurement of power in three-phase
systems
(iii) Three-wattmeter method for a three-phase, 4-
wire system for balanced and unbalanced loads

SEKIAN
TERIMA KASIH