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Introduction
Discussion of Papers
Risks
Conclusion
References
Questions
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Method of extracting ones own blood (or donor
blood) only to reinsert it at a later date, usually
before a big race or event.

Doping can also be used to describe any sort of
injections into the body (hormones, steroids,
etc.). Specifically Erythropoietin (EPO).

Athletes hope that the increase in red blood cells
(RBCs) will increase the oxygen intake level in
their body and lead to greater performance.
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Blood transfusions


EPO


Artificial Oxygen Carriers (AOCs)
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Autologous

Homologous



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Seminal study by Buick et al. (1980) assessed the
effect of increasing red blood cells on aerobic
work capacity.

Methods:
Blood was drawn from 11 highly trained male track
athletes . Blood immediately separated into its cell
and plasma components. Plasma returned to each
subject and red blood cells are frozen.

For infusion, approximately 900 ml of autologous
blood were introduced over a 1 h-period.

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3 Exercise tests:
Submaximal run
Endurance performance
Supramaximal run


Measured expired gas to determine VO2 max, and monitored HR


Blood samples taken after termination and then at 4, 6, and 8 minutes
into recovery to access Hb, Hct, and peak lactate concentration.


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Results: Significant increase in Hb, about 1g/dL or 7%, a 5% increase in VO2 max,
and a 34% increase in treadmill run to exhaustion at 95% V02max
Results supported by analogous studies

Williams and Branch (2000) summarized the
results of several two other studies
supporting increased performance due to
blood transfusion.
(1) Doping cut 10km race time by
69seconds.
(2)Doping cut mean 5-mile run time by 45
seconds.



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In 1987, recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO)
appeared in Europe (Eichner, 2007).

The hormone was synthetically produced originally to
treat anemia.

Glycoprotein hormone produced by the kidney in
response to hypoxia, including exercised induced
hyperoxaemia. EPO binding its specific EPO receptor
stimulates erythrocyte production in the bone marrow
(Bishop-Bailey, 2013).

Consequently, the EPO increases the production of
oxygen-carrying blood cells







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Durussel et al. (2013) addressed the impact on
hemoglobin mass and running performance after
recombinant human erythropoietin was administered.

Methods:
19 trained men received rHuEPO injections of 50 IUxkg^-1
body mass every two days for 4 weeks. Hbmass was
determined weekly using optimized carbon monoxide
rebreathing method until 4 weeks after administration.
VO2 max and 3,000 m time trial performance were
measured pre, post administration and at the end of the
study.
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Running performance was improved
following 4 weeks of rHuEpo and remained
elevated 4 weeks after administration
compared to baseline. These field
performance effects coincided with rHuEpo-
induced elevated VO2 max and Hbmass.
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These are man-made substances that can bind and
transport oxygen throughout the body. There are two
kinds of AOCs . They are hemoglobin-based oxygen
carriers (HBOCs) and perflourocarbons (PFCs).

HBOCs use chemically altered purified hemoglobin. PFCs
are capable of carrying dissolved oxygen (Henkel-Hanke
and Oleck, 2007).

These substances perform the same job as hemoglobin in
the body except they are not limited in their amount. The
bodys RBCs can only carry 4 molecules of hemoglobin
where AOCs are practically limitless.
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Ashenden et al.(2007) determined the effects of
Hemopure on maximal oxygen uptake and
endurance performance on humans.
Methods:
12 male subjects performed an exercise trial
immediately after receiving Hemopure or an
equivalent volume of plasma-volume expander
(control).
Measured oxygen uptake (VO2max), ventilation,
pulse, and blood pressure.
Exercise test commenced 30 minutes after infusion

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Hemopure did not increase VO2max, the
most commonly used indicator of endurance
performance..

Cardiovascular response
(1) Decrease in heart rate
(2) Increase in mean and diastolic blood
pressure


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In 1987, the first year of EPO release in Europe, 5 Dutch cyclists died of unexplained
reasons. Between 1997 and 2000, 18 cyclists died from stroke, myocardial infarction,
or pulmonary embolism (Tokish and Kosher, 2004).

The main side effect that all these types of blood doping presents is increased blood
viscosity.

Blood becomes too saturated with RBCs and thickens resulting in possible blood clots.
Stroke, multi-organ failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial
infarction, death, vasoconstriction with resulting hypertension (Henkel-Hanke and
Oleck, 2007).

The intravenous process also carries the risk of the needles or equipment being
shared, and the consequent exposure to contagious blood-borne disease such as HIV
(Tokish and Kosher, 2004).


The likelihood of dehydration occurring during an endurance event is high;
dehydration reduces fluid levels, with a corresponding impact on blood volume, which
makes the increased viscosity, or thickness, of the blood more pronounced.


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Blood doping covers a range of programs, all
designed to increase the number of red blood
cells in the body.
Blood doping aims to increase the number of
red blood cells.
Large increases in hematocrit can lead to
dangerous increases in blood viscosity.
Athletes will continue to use if any
competitive advantage exists.
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Ashenden M.J, Schumacher, Y.O., Sharpe, K., Varle-Marie, E., Audran, M.,2007. Effects of Hemopure on Maximal Oxygen Uptake
and Endurance Performance in Healthy Humans. International Journal of Sports Medicine 28, 381385.

Bishop-Bailey, D., 2013. Mechanisms governing the health and performance benefits of exercise. British Journal of Pharmacology 170,
11531166.

Buick, F.J., Gledhill, H., Froese, A.B., Spriet, L., Meyers, E.C., 1980. Effect of induced erythrocythemia on aerobic capacity. Journal of
Applied Physiology 48, 636642.

Deligiannis, A., Bjrnstad, H., Carre, F., Heidbchel, H., Kouidi, E., Panhuyzen-Goedkoop, N.M., Pigozzi, F., Schnzer, W., Vanhees,
L., 2006. ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology Position Paper on adverse cardiovascular effects of doping in athletes; European
Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 13,687694.

Durussel, J., Daskalaki, E., Anderson, M., Chatterji, T., Wondimu, D.H., Padmanabhan, N., Patel, R.K., McClure, J., Pitsiladis, P., 2013.
Haemoglobin Mass and Running Time Trial Performance after Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Administration in Men. PLoS ONE
8, e56151.

Eichner, E.R., 2007. Blood Doping: Infusions, Erythropoietin and Artificial Blood. Sports Medicine 37, 389391.

Henkel-Hanke, T., Oleck, M., 2007. Artificial oxygen carriers: A current review. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists Journal 75,
205211.

Tokish, J.M., Kocher, M.S., 2004. Ergogenic Aids: A Review of Basic Science, Performance, Side Effects, and Status in Sports. The
American Journal of Sports Medicine 32, 15431553.

Williams, M.H., Branch, J.D., 2000 .Ergogenic aids for improved performance. In: Garrett, W.E., Kirkendall, D.T., (Eds). Exercise and
Sport Science. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp.373384.

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