By: Nelson T. Tubon, B.S. Pharm.; B.S. S. Ed.; R.Ph.; M.S. Pharm.; Ph.D. B.M.

INTERNSHIP 1
Exercise 5
Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms
Dosage Form
also known as pharmaceuticals.
It is define as preparation devised
to make possible administration of
medications in measured or
prescribed amount.

Terms
Parenteral Dosage Forms are
preparation introduced into the body by
injection through the skin, the mucous, or the
serous membranes

Dosage forms for inhalation are
preparations intended to be finally dispensed
or vaporized to the mucous membranes of the
lower part of the respiratory tract.

Terms
Oral Dosage Forms - are preparations
intended to be taken orally.

Rectal Dosage Forms - are preparations
employed for systemic effect or a local
action through the rectum.


Term
Dosage Forms For Topical application
are preparations intended to be applied on
the skin or instilled into eyes, nose, or ears.


LIQUIDS

A. Solutions a homogenous mixture
that is prepared by dissolving a solid or liquid
or gas in another liquid; it represents a group
of preparations in which the molecules of the
solute or dissolved substances are dispersed
among those of the solvent

Solutions

Water used mainly as a vehicle and as a solvent
for the desired flavoring or medicinal
ingredients.
Aromatic water also known as medicated water,
clear saturated aqueous solutions of volatile
oils or aromatic or volatile substances.
Aqueous acids official inorganic acids and
certain acids although of minor significance as
therapeutic agents are great importance in
chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Solutions

Diluted acids aqueous solutions of suitable
strength usually 10% w/v except diluted
acetic acid which is 6% w/v
Douches aqueous solutions directed
against a part or into a cavity of the body
Enemas also known as evacuation
enemas. They are rectal injections
employed to evacuate bowel retention
enemas to influence the general system
by absorption, or to effect locally the seat
of disease.

Solutions
Gargles aqueous solutions used for
treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by
forcing air from the lungs through the
gargle which is held in the throat.
Mouthwashes aqueous solutions which
are most often used for their deodorant,
refreshing, or antiseptic effect.
Juices prepared from fresh ripe fruits,
aqueous in character and used in making
syrups which are employed as vehicles.

Solutions
Nasal solutions usually aqueous solutions
which are deigned to be administered to
the nasal passages in drops or spray
form.
Otic solutions aqueous preparations
dispensed in a container which permits
the administration of drops to the ear
NON-AQUEOUS

Collodion liquid preparations containing
pyroxillin in a mixture of ethyl ether and
ethanol.
Elixirs clear, pleasantly flavored sweetened
hydro-alcoholic liquids intended for oral
use.
Glycerites solutions or mixtures of
medicinal substances in not less than 505
by weight of glycerin

NON-AQUEOUS
Inhalations are solutions of drugs
administered by the nasal or oral
respiratory route for local or systemic
effect.
Liniments solutions or mixtures of various
substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of
soap or emulsions.
Oleovitamins fish liver oils diluted with
edible vegetable oil or solutions of volatile
substances of the indicated vitamins or
vitamin concentrates (usually A and D) in
fish liver oil.
NON-AQUEOUS
Spirits known as essences; are alcoholic
hydro-alcohol solutions of volatile
substances.
Toothache drops preparations used for
temporary relief of toothache by
application of cotton saturated with the
product into tooth cavity

EMULSION a two phase system prepared
by combining two immiscible liquids one of
which is uniformly dispersed through the
other; they consist of globules that have
diameters equal to or greater than those of
the largest colloidal particles.

SUSPENSIONS a two-phase system
consisting of finely divided solid dispersed in a
solid, liquid, or gas.

GELS semi-solid systems of either
suspension made up of small inorganic
particles or large organic molecules
interpenetrated by a liquid.

LOTIONS usually liquid suspension or
dispersions intended for external
application to the body.
MAGMAS and MILK aqueous suspensions
of insoluble inorganic drugs; they differ
from gels mainly in that the suspended
particles are layers.
TINCTURES alcoholic or hydroalcoholic
solutions prepared from vegetable
materials or from chemical substances


FLUIDEXTRACTS liquid preparation of vegetable
drugs containing alcoholic as a solvent or as
preservative or both, so made that each mL
contains the therapeutic constituents of 1 g of the
standard drug that it represents

EXTRACTS concentrated preparations of
vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal
of the active constituents of the respective drugs
with suitable menstruum.
PARENTERAL PREPARATION sterile
preparations intended to be administered by
injection under or through one or more layers
of skin or mucous membranes

INTRAVENOUS ADMIXTURES mixture of
intravenous fluids and drugs to be
administered by injection
OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
sterile preparations to be used on the eyes

Solutions intended for the eye; clear, sterile
solution to be instilled into the eyes by the use of a
dropper.
Suspensions dispersion of finely divided
relatively insoluble drug substances in an aqueous
vehicle containing suitable suspending and
dispersing agent.
Ointment intended for the eyes; they contain
medicinal agents added to the ointment base of
white petrolatum and mineral oil either as a solution
or as a micronized powder.


LENS CARE PRODUCTS sterile
preparations intended to protect the lens
1. wetting solutions
2. cleaning solutions
3. disinfection solutions
4. soaking solutions
5. artificial tears





MEDICATED


OINTMENT semi-solid preparations
intended for external applications to the
skin or mucous membranes.
CATAPLASM a soft moist mass of meals,
herb, seed usually applied hot in clothes.
PASTES concentrates of absorptive
powders dispersed in petrolatum or
hydrophilic petrolatum
POWDERS for external use are usually
described as dusting powders, usually
contain starch, talc, and zinc stearate
DRESSINGS external applications
resembling ointment usually used as a
covering or protection.
CREAMS viscous liquid or semi-solid
emulsions of either the oil in water or
water in oil type
PLASTERS substances intended for
external application; they are made of
such materials and of such consistency as
to adhere to the skin and attach to a
dressing
SUPPOSITORIES solid dosage forms of
various weights and shapes usually
medicated for insertion into the rectum,
vagina, or the urethra

POWDERS
Oral powders generally supplied as finely
divided or effervescent granules
Dentifrices may be prepared in the form of
a bulk powders generally containing soap
or detergent, mild abrasive and
anticariogenic agent
Douche powders soluble powders
intended to be dissolved in water prior to
use as antiseptic or cleaning agents for a
body cavity.

Dusting powders locally applied non-toxic
preparations that are intended to have no
systemic action.
Insufflations finely divided powders
introduced into the body cavities.
Triturations dilutions of potent powdered
drugs prepared by intimately mixing them
with a suitable diluent in 1:10 dilutions

ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
TABLET solid dosage form containing drug
substances with or without suitable
diluents and prepared either by
compression or molding methods.
CAPSULES solid dosage forms in which
the drug substance is enclosed in either a
hard or soft soluble container or of a
suitable form of gelatin
PILLS small, round, solid dosage forms
containing medicinal agents and intended
for oral administration

ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
TROCHES also known as lozenges or
pastilles; they are discoid shaped solid
containing the medicinal agent in a
suitably flavored base.
CACHETS related to capsules in as such
as they provide an edible container for
oral administration of solid drugs.
PELLETS small, sterile cylinders about 3.2
mm in diameter by 8 mm in length, formed
by compression from medicated masses
AEROSOLS both oral and topical; they
contain therapeutically active ingredients
dissolved, suspended, or emulsified in a
propellant or in a mixture of solvent and
propellant

RADIOPHARMECUTICALS radioisotopes
used in medicine for therapeutic and
diagnostic purposes


BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS

Vaccines a suspension of attenuated (live) or
inactivated (killed) microorganisms or fraction
thereof administered to induce immunity and thus
prevent infectious disease.
Toxoid a modified antigen from an infectious
organism used as a vaccine
Immune globulin a solution containing
antibodies from the pooled plasma of not less than
1,000 normal individuals
Hyperimmune serum a special preparation
obtained from human donor polls selected for high
antibody titer against a specific disease


Examples Dosage Forms
Omega Pain Killer (Methyl salicylate, menthol,
camphor) Liniment
Cold Rub (Camphor, Menthol, Eucalyptus oil)
Ointment
Aceiti Manzanilla Solution
Acrinol Tincture
White Henna Powder
Sebo De Macho Ointment
Caladryl (Calamine) Lotion
Nizoral (Ketoconazole) Cream, Shampoo, Tablet
Examples Dosage Forms
Dermovate (Clobetasol propionate) Cream,
Ointment, Solution
Dulcolax (Bisacodyl) - Tablet, Suppository
Dimetapp (Brompeniramine maleate) - Syrup
Ponstan (Mefenamic Acid) Capsule SF 250
mg; Tablet 500 mg; Suspension
Nitro-Dur (Nitroglycerin) Transdermal Patch
Nitroglycerin Tablet; Transdermal Patch

Five reasons for the need for dosage
forms.

1. To protect the drug substance from destructive influences
of atmospheric oxygen
2. To protect the drug from the destructive influence of gastric
acid after oral administration
3. To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a
drug substance.
4. To provide liquid preparations of substance that are
insoluble in desired vehicle
5. To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the bodys
orifices
6. To provide optimal drug action from topical administration
sites, etc.




Examples of Tablets



1. Poten-Cee Ascorbic acid Pascual
2. Alaxan Ibuprofen, Paracetamol
Therapharma
3. Tylenol Paracetamol - Janssen
4. Neozep
Phenylpropanolamine,chlorphenamine
maleate, paracetamol Myra/Unilab
5. Flanax Naproxen Roche




Example of Capsules


1. Velosef Cephradine Squibb
2. Tegopen Cloxacillin Bristol
3. Omnipen Ampicillin Wyeth
4. Imodium Loperamide Janssen
5. Darvon Aspirin, caffeine,
propoxyphene Lilly


Advantages and disadvantages of
different dosage forms

1. Ease of administrations
2. Stability purposes
3. Portability/ conveniently carried
4. Elegance
5. Accurate dosage
6. Manufactured at lower cost
7. Optimal drug action and others



By: Nelson T. Tubon, B.S. Pharm.; B.S. S. Ed.; R.Ph.; M.S. Pharm.; Ph.D. B.M.

INTERNSHIP 1

Exercise 6
Nelson T. Tubon, M.D.
3JR Pacific Medical Center
Blk 6 Lot 1 Nepo Homes Subdivision
Km 37 Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Patients Name De La Cruz, Mario 28/M Date: 10/10/08
Address Novaliches, Quezon City


Omeprazole 20 mg/cap ----- # 21
(Losec)

Sig. Take one cap daily for three weeks




Nelson T. Tubon, MD
Lic. No.: 95555
PTR No. 123456789
TN: 967854321


THE PRESCRIPTION
PRESCRIPTION
from the Latin words: prae before and
scribo I write. A prescription is an
order for medication issued by a
physician, dentists, veterinarian or other
properly licensed practitioner.

Parts of Prescription

1. Prescribers Information. The name of the
physician or dentist, his specialty, clinic address,
contact number and clinic hours.

2. Patient information. The full name and address
of the patient are necessary for identification
purposes.

3. Date. Prescriptions are dated at the time they are
written. The date is important in establishing the
medication record of the patient especially in
filling prescriptions for controlled substances


Parts of Prescription

4. Rx Symbol or Superscription. The Rx symbol is a Latin verb
recipe, meaning take thou or you take

5. Medication Prescribed or Inscription. Body or main part of the of
the Rx order. It contains the names and quantities of the
prescribed ingredients or drugs, dosage form and potency

The name of the product must be written both in
Nonproprietary (generic name)
Proprietary (brand)
Chemical
Dosage form- the physical entity of medication (tablet, capsule)
Strength potency of drug (250 mg, 100IU)
Quantity to be dispensed this includes the amount and the unit
of measure (grams, milligrams, tablets)


Parts of Prescription

6. Dispensing Directions to Pharmacist or Subscription.
Directions to the pharmacist for preparing the prescription
These can be used for:
Preparations (compounding)
Labeling ( information to be put on the label )

7. Directions for the Patient or Transcription. Instructions on
the number of dosage units per dose (one tablet), route of
administration, frequency of dosing (every 4 hours),
duration of dosing (one week, for one month) and use of
the drug (optional)

Parts of Prescription
8. Refill Information. If refill information is
not supplied, it is generally assumed that
no refills are authorized

9. Prescribers Signature. The name and
signature of the physician or dentist who
wrote the prescription order. Below the
signature of the physician are the licensed
number to practice his profession, PTR
( Privilege Tax Receipt) no. and TIN

Dispensing Procedures

1. Dispensing should be done by
Pharmacist
2. Partial Filling is allowed and must be
reflected in the prescription



Filling and Recording Procedures

1. The prescription once filled must be
retained by the pharmacist for a period of
two years
2. The prescription must be recorded in Rx
book and ready for inspection by BFAD
FDROs when the outlet is open for
operation anytime

Questions
1. Enumerate at least two responsibilities
of the pharmacist in providing the
medication needs of the patient
a. Provide information about drugs to the
health profession and to the public legally
responsible for dispensing prescription.
b. Translate and communicate the dangers
of drug to the patient, and others

Questions
2. Enumerate the instructions that pharmacist should
be given to the patient in filling, refilling and dispensing
legend prescriptions
A. Filling of Prescriptions
a. danger of overdosage
b. side effects
c. proper storage for stability
d. need to discard unused medication
e. dangers to be mixed in one container

B. Refilling Prescription
a. taking drugs for longer period of time unless it is
under supervision
b. taking other medications with identical
composition which provides the same therapeutic
effect which are sometimes prescribed by other
doctor
c. taking food found in the diets that are
contraindicated to the prescribed drugs
d. letting other members of the family or friends to
use his medicine

C. Dispensing Prescription
a. the proper use of drugs
b. the need to discontinue the use of the drug if
certain reactions develop
c. the need to see the doctor if serious reactions
develop, if the condition has been a long term
problem
d. the danger of using the OTC drugs when
prescribed medication is the possible duplication
of the drug or therapeutic action
e. the danger of self-diagnosis and self medication

A. Based on the number of ingredients
1. Simple prescription with only one ingredient
2. Compound prescription with one more than one ingredient
3. Polypharmacal prescription with ten or more than ten
ingredients
B. Magistral prescription is a prescription which is
prescribed very often by the same doctor, of the same
ingredients, and compounded by the same pharmacist
C. Coded prescription is also called blind prescription and
consists of words, symbols, to represent the name of the
drugs. This is unethical practice of doctors and pharmacist
3. Enumerate the types of Prescription based on the number of
ingredients

PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION


1. Patient Information
2. Date
3. Superscription or Rx symbol
4. Inscription or medication prescribed
5. Subscription or dispensing direction
6. Transcription, signs and signature or the direction
to the patient
7. Refill, special labeling or other instruction
8. Prescribers signature, address, and other
pertinent information


INTERPRETATIONS

1. Nembutal 100 mg (at bed time) ( if there is a need) ( by
mouth )
2. Propranolol hydrochloride 40 mg (by mouth) (twice a day)
3. Ampicillin 1 g (Intavenous piggyback) (every 6 hours)
4. Demerol 50 mg (Intramuscularly) (every 4 hours) (if there is a
need) for pain
5. Tylenol 325 mg tablets (2) (by mouth) (at once, immediately)
6. Pilocarpine (2) (drops) (both eyes) (every 3 hours)
7. Scopolamine 0.8 mg (subcutaneously) (immediately)
8. Milk of magnesia 1 (tablespoon) (by mouth) (at bed time)
(every night)
9. Septra DS tablet (double strength) (1) (every day) (by
mouth)

Prohibited Drugs

1. Opium Brown mixture Tablet and Liquid
2. Codein Codeine sulfate H.T. and T.T.
3. Pethidine Demerol Ampul and Vial
4. Codein Dolo-Adamon Supplement and Tablet
5. Opium + alcohol Elixir Paregoric
6. Fentanyl Innovar Injection
7. Morphine Morphine Sulfate H.T., Ampule,
Tablet
8. Alfentanyl Rapifen Injection
9. Hydrocodone Deka Syrup
10. Dihydrocodeinone Ruminon syrup

Regulated Drugs


1. Amobarbital Amytal Tablet, Capsule, Ampul
2. Amphetamine Benzedrine Tablet
3. Butabarbital Butisol Sodium
4. Hydrocodone + Pentobarbital - Calciudrine syrup
5. Methamphetamine Desoxyn Tablet
6. Amobarbital + Dexamphetamine Dexamyl Spansule No.1
7. Dexamphetamine Dexedrine Spansule
8. Propoxyphene napsylate Doloxene Plain Tablet
9. Propoxyphene hydrochloride Doloxene compound 65
capsule
10. Pipradol Gadexyl Tablet

Regulated Drugs
1. Methaqualone Mandrax Tablet
2. Nitrazepam Mogadon tablet
3. Pentobarbital Nembutal Sodium
4. Chloralhydrate Noctec liquid
5. Methylprylon Noludar Tablet
6. Mecloqualone Nubarene Tablet
7. Paraldehyde Paraldehyde ampul
8. Pentothal - Pentothal sodium
9. Ethchlorvynol Placidyl Capsule
10. Aprobarbital + Barbital + Phenobarbital
Plexonal

Regulated Drugs
1. Flunitrazepam Robypnol Tablet
2. Secobarbital Seconal Sodium Capsule
3. Ethinamate Valamin Tablet
4. Pentazocine Sosegon Tablet
5. Ephedrine
6. Pseuephedrine


By: Nelson T. Tubon, B.S. Pharm.; B.S. S. Ed.; R.Ph.; M.S. Pharm.; Ph.D. B.M.
INTERNSHIP 1

Exercise 7
PROCESSING
PRESCRIPTION
Prescription written
by authorized
prescriber
Patient presents
prescription to the
pharmacy

Prescription is checked for
completeness; prescriber
info, drug name, strength,
dose, and directions

Correct patient info is
entered into computer
system

Prescription is prepared.
Correct amount of med
prescribed is measured and
placed into container

Pharmacy label is generated.
Make sure all the legal items
are identified

Prescription is interpreted and
confirmed by pharmacy system.
Third party is billed online (optional)

Prescription is prepared by
pharmacy technician, and
final check done by
pharmacist

Patient receives script, pharmacy
assistant must offer counseling to the
patient. Then script is rung on cash
register, and insurance log signed

Pharmacist provides counseling
on the medication prescribed and
all medically related questions

R
LABEL
1. How is a prescription processed?

receiving the
prescription
reading and checking
the prescription
numbering and dating
Labeling
preparing the
prescription

packaging
rechecking
delivering and patient
counseling
recording and filling
pricing the prescription


3. What is the purpose of numbering and
dating the prescription?

The same number of the original prescription
should appear at the label of the filled
prescription to avoid error in dispensing

The date of the prescription is not the same
date that should be placed on the filled
prescription for identification purposes


4. Information to be recorded in the
prescription book.


1. name of physician
2. name of the drug
3. quantity
4. date when dispensed
5. balance (quantity if any)
6. pharmacist signature, etc