Anti-microbial

and Hygiene finishes

Wirote Sarakarnkosol
Action in textile industry
Prevent biodegradation of chemical.
Inhibit bacterial activity on textile.


The need for antimicrobial finishing
Result of microbial
attack on textile
Odour formation Contaminant risk
Quality loss Strength reduction
Effect on consumer
Effect on fabric
Requirement for antimicrobial finish
Durability to washing, dry cleaning and hot-
pressing
Selective activity to undesirable micro-organism
Not produce harmful to manufacturer, user and
the environment
Comply with the requirement of regulating
agencies.
Compatibility with the chemical process
Mechanism of Antimicrobial activity
-cidal, -cide destruction of microbes.
-static inhibition of microbial growth.
Antimicrobial finish
a) Hygienic finish on Clothing and textile
b) Antimicrobial finish on Technical textile
Antibacterial Bactericide Bacteriostatic
Deodorising
Antimycotic Fungicide Fungistatic
Germicide
Bacteriostatic and Bacteriocidal
log cell
number
log cell
number
time
time
Bacteriostatic Bacteriocidal
Viable cell count
Total cell count
Typical antimicrobial agent
Metal and metal salts deactivation of
protien
Quaternary ammonium salts membrane
damage
N-Halamine oxidative properties
Others : organic molecule (Triclosan),
natural substance (chitosan)
Chemistry of antimicrobial finishes
Controlled release antimicrobicals.
Bound antimicrobials.
Renewable bound antimicrobials.
(N-halamine)
Chitosan
Migrating and non-migrating
technology
Controlled release technique.
Protection of the active
core from external.
Control-release of the
active core by:
Diffusion via polymer
structure
Rupture of polymer wall
Bioerosion of polymer
Control release system :
Microcapsule : active agent form a core surround by an
inert diffusion barrier.
Microsphere : active agent is dispersed or dissolved in
an inert polymer.
Cyclic molecules : active agent is entrapped in the
cavity of cyclic molecule (e.g. cyclodextrins)
Controlled release antimicrobicals.
Triclosan is most widely
used.
Good antibacterial but
poor antifungal.
Low water solubility,
required dispersing agent
and binder.
Microencapsulation is a
novel technique for this
type.
Controlled release antimicrobicals.
Organo-silver compounds and silver
zeolites are promising candidates for
textile finishes.
Nano-silver and Nano-titanium have a very
low toxicity profile and excellent heat
stability.
Bound antimicrobials
(a) is most widely used but can
cause allergic especially when
use with product for feet.
(b) is also used in modern
process can be used for odour-
free sock.
Performance can be improved
by wet-on-wet padding with
anionic fixing agents.
No elevated curing
temperature is required.

Used by exhaustion or continuous.
Schematic of action :
Octadecylaminodimethyltrimethoxsilylpropyl
ammonium chloride
Renewable bound antimicrobials.
(N-halamines)
Continued treatment
with hypochlorite and
can be renewable.
More yellowing on
CEL.
CEL fiber damage
due to hypochlorous
acid.


Schematic of N-halamine action.
Chitosan and quaternary derivative.
Non-toxic,
biodegradable.
Inhibit bacteria
growth.
Can form insoluble
net work. (via NH
2

and OH gr.)
Can be react with
OH of CEL
More absorbency and
also moisture control on
fiber.
Antimicrobial activity test
The agar plate test : Standard method SNV 195920-
1992
Shake flask method : Standard method ASTM E2149-01
Micrograph of treated and
untreated fabric (20x)
Antimicrobial Agent, applied to fiber
(magnified 20 times), prevents formation
of microorganisms that cause odor and
discoloration.
Untreated fiber reveals an unpleasant
breeding ground for fungi and bacteria
which cause odor problems and
deterioration.
Commercial antimicrobial textile
product :
Troubleshooting for antimicrobial
finishes :
Antimicrobial finishes are excluded from the
Oeko-Tex Standard 100 label, If residual finish is
improperly disposed of at the finishing plant.
Formulation should balance between high
biocide activity and the requirements of safe
handling, including non-toxicity to humans at
usual concentrations and environmental
demands.
Conclusion :
Hygiene application is principally applied
with antimicrobial.
Antimicrobial should active on wide range
microorganism.
Do not interfere with skin bacteria.
Should not contain toxic migrating
substance.