Stundents: Btc Maria

Movila Daniela
Group 103
Teacher: Bairov Oxana


The United Kingdom has three
legal systems:


- English law, which applies
in England and Wales,
- Northern Ireland law, which
applies in Northern Ireland,
- Scots law, which applies
in Scotland.
English Law refers to the legal system
administrated by the courts in England and
Wales.
English Law English law can be described as
having its own legal doctrine, distinct from civil
law legal systems since 1189. There has been no
major codification of the law, and subject to
statute, the law is developed by judges in court,
applying statute, precedent and common sense
to the facts before them, to give explanatory
judgments of the relevant legal principles, which
are reported and binding in future similar cases.
The law of Northern Ireland is a common law
system. It is administered by the courts of
Northern Ireland.
The sources of the law of Northern Ireland
are English common law, and statute law.
The courts of Northern Ireland are headed by
the Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland,
consisting of the Northern Ireland Court of
Appeal, the Northern Ireland High Court of
Justice and the Northern Ireland Crown Court
Below that are county courts and
magistrates' courts.
Scots law is a unique legal system with an
ancient basis in Roman law.
The chief courts are the Court of Session,
for civil cases, and the High Court of
Justiciary, for criminal cases.The Supreme
Court of the United Kingdom serves as the
highest court of appeal for civil cases
under Scots law, with leave to appeal
from the Court of Session not required as
a general rule.

The most important job of the MPs is to make
legislation. To make a law you start with a bill.
A Bill is a proposal for a new law or a change
to a law presented before Parliament.
Once the Bill has been drafted it must be
presented to both Houses of Parliament, the
Lords and the Commons, for them to debate
and propose amendments.
Bills can be first introduced in either the House of
Lords or the House of Commons. The most
important thing is that the Bill must be approved
by both Houses.


The First Reading
This is largely a formality. The name of the bill is
read out by the Clerk of the House. Copies of the
bill are printed and distributed for reading.
The Second Reading
At the second reading the bill is explained.
Debate. The reasons why the bill is needs changes
are debated.
Vote. After the bill has been explained and
debated there is a vote. If the House votes for the
Bill, it proceeds to the Committee stage.


A committee is a group of members of
either House that examines the detail of a
bill and proposes amendments.
Standing Committee
A group of members that meet regularly
and look at bills in a particular area of a
government's work.
Amendments must be voted for by both
houses.

Report stage
The committee prepares a report on the Bill
and explains any amendments that have been
suggested.
Third reading
This stage is mainly a formality. The House
must decide whether it wants the bill, with
its amendments, to become law.
Consideration of Amendments
The House of Commons will consider the
amendments made by the Lords and, if the Bill
is contentious, it may pass between the Houses
until an agreement is reached.
Royal Assent
The bill is presented for the Royal Assent.
Once both Houses are notified of the Queens
assent, the Bill becomes an Act.


Acts of Parliament
An Act of Parliament creates a new law or changes an
existing one. An Act is a Bill approved by both Houses
of Parliament and formally agreed by the reigning
monarch.An Act can come into force immediately, at
some other date, or in stages.