Solid State Electronics

EC 210 EC 211
Prof.Dr. Iman Gamal Eldin Morsi
1
Crystal Structures
Galena is lead sulfide, PbS, and has a
cubic crystal structure
|SOURCE: Photo by SOK
Cubic FeS
2
, iron sulfide, or pyrite, crystals.
The crystals look brass-like yellow (fools
gold).
|SOURCE: Photo by SOK
: Crystal Structure 1 Chapter
3
Crystalline
atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
typical of: -metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers
Noncrystalline (amorphous)
atoms have no periodic packing
occurs for:
-complex structures
-rapid cooling
Classification of solids according to the arrangement of
atoms:
4
Lattice- an in definitely
extended arrangement of
points each of which is
surrounded by an identical
grouping of neighboring
point
Unit cell - smallest region
that completely describes
the pattern
Lattice and Unit cell:
5
Types of Unit Cell
6
Types of Cubic Unit Cell:
Crystals with same type of atom:
Simple Cubic (SC)
Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face-Center Cubic (FCC)
Diamond unit cell
Crystals with multiple atoms:
Zinc Blend unit cell
NACl unit cell

7
Simple Cubic (SC)
1 unit cell contains:
8 x 1/8 =1 atom/unit cell.
a:lattice parameter
R: atomic radius


a=2R
8
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)


1/8 atom at each corner
1 atom at the center.
1 Unit cell contains:
1 + 8 x 1/8 = 2 atoms/unit
cell.

4R =
Each corner atom is
shared among 8 unit
cells
Diagonals of the
cube
9
Fig 1.32
a
a
b
Examples: Alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb), Cr,
Mo, W, Mn, -Fe (< 912 C), -Ti (> 882 C).
Body centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure. (a) ABCC unit cell
with closely packed hard spheres representing the Fe atoms. (b) A
reduced-sphere unit cell.
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
1/2 atom at the center of each face.
1/8 atom at each corner.

1 Unit cell contains:
x 6 + 8 x = 4 atoms/unit cell.

Diagonals of the
face (square)
Face-centered atoms
only belong to two unit
cells
11
Fig 1.39
1
/
8
th of an atom
Half of an atom
2R
a
R
R
a
a
The FCC unit cell. The atomic radius is R and the lattice parameter
is a
2R
a
a
a
a
(c) (b)
FCCUnit Cell
(a)
(a) The crystal structure of copper is Face Centered Cubic (FCC). The
atoms are positioned at well defined sites arranged periodically and there is
a long range order in the crystal.
(b) An FCC unit cell with closed packed spheres.
(c) Reduced sphere representation of the FCC unit cell. Examples: Ag, Al,
Au, Ca, Cu, -Fe (>912C), Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh
Diamond unit cell
1/2 atom at the center of each face.
1/8 atom at each corner.
1 atom at the quarter of each
diagonal .
(there are 4 diagonals for the cube)

1 Unit cell contains:
x 6 + 8 x + 4= 8 atoms/unit cell.

= 8R
14
a
C
a
a
The diamond unit cell is cubic. The cell has eight atoms. Grey Sn
(-Sn) and the elemental semiconductors Ge and Si have this
crystal structure.

Silicon
A silicon ingot is a single crystal of Si. Within the bulk of the crystal, the atoms are
arranged on a well-defined periodical lattice. The crystal structure is that of diamond.
|Courtesy of MEMC, Electronic Materials Inc.
Left: A polycrystalline diamond film on the (100) surface of a single crystal silicon wafer. The film
thickness is 6 microns and the SEM magnification is 6000.
Right: A 6-micron-thick CVD diamond film grown on a single crystal silicon wafer. SEM magnification is
8000.
Fig 1.43