Dr.

Ghanshyam Singh
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur
Rajasthan-India
http/www.mnit.ac.in

7 September 2014 1
Contents:
Introduction: Optical Technologies

Photonic Switching: Basics & Applications

Photonic Switches: Types & Architectures

Large Switch Architectures

Design Examples

Conclusion & References






7 September 2014 2
7 September 2014 3
Requirements for next gen. IP-based applications:

Higher Bandwidth & high-capacity signal processing in the
optical networks.

Power consumption seriously limits scaling up the signal
transmission and processing capability based on electronic circuits.

Low power consumption is, therefore, a very important driving
force to develop power-efficient photonic signal-processing
techniques for the applications to the future telecommunication
networks and information-processing systems.

Development of novel power-efficient, ultrafast, optoelectronic,
as well as all-optical signal-processing devices.
Introduction
7 September 2014 4
(Estimated power consumption by the Internet routers in Japan)

Solid circles are the assumed drive voltage for large-scale integration in routers.
The percentages show the proportion to the total power generation in Japan.

[A] estimated if one-third of the world population subscribe internet access with a
access rate of 10 Mbs, Then total power consumption necessary for the internet
traffic (predominantly consumed by routers), would be equal to 58% of the total
electric power being generated throughout the world.

[A] J. Baliga, K. Hinton, and R. S. Tucker, Energy consumption of the Internet, presented at
the Joint Int. Conf. Opt. Internet, 2007, and the 32
nd
COIN-ACOFT 2007.

Ultra-high
capacity
optical
network
relies on
Multiplexing: DWDM and
OTDM
Higher aggregate bit rate

Optical transparency:
Removing O-E-O
conversions (bottleneck)
in routing, demultpelxing
and processing tasks
7 September 2014 5
The need ultra-fast all-optical switches
7 September 2014 6
Benefits
High speedhigh bandwidth: Potential bandwidth of one optical
fiber exceeds several tens Tbps (note that the bandwidth of
copper cable is only a few Mbps).

Immunity: Optical signal is virtually immune to all kinds of
interference.

Security: Optical signal is ideal for secure communications
because it is very difficult to tap into.

Lower cost: Optical networks, based on the emergence of the
optical layer in transport networks, can provide higher capacity
and reduced costs for new applications such as the Internet,
video and multimedia interaction, and advanced digital services.
The Milestones of Optical Networking Technologies
1958: Laser discovered

Mid-60s: Guided wave optics demonstrated

1970: Production of low-loss fibers
Made long-distance optical transmission possible!

1970: invention of semiconductor laser diode
Made optical transceivers highly refined!

70s-80s: Use of fiber in telephony: SONET
7 September 2014 7
Mid-80s: LANs/MANs: broadcast-and-select
architectures

1988: First trans-atlantic optical fiber laid

Late-80s: EDFA (optical amplifier) developed
Greatly alleviated distance limitations!

Mid/late-90s: DWDM systems explode

Late-90s: Intelligent Optical networks

2000 onwards . O O O processing

7 September 2014 8
Recent optical devices created:
Optical logic gates, optical switches
Optical interconnections, optical memory

Switching device performance
Speeds of 10
-15
seconds
Power requirements one millionth of a watt

The big limit:

Lack of efficient nonlinear material that can respond at
low power levels

7 September 2014 9
Photonic Switching:
Basics
&
Applications
7 September 2014 10
7 September 2014 11
Enables routing of optical data signals without the need of opto-
electronic conversion and regeneration steps

Independent of bit rate and protocols with unlimited scalability,
which leads to more flexibility in the network.

An increase in the switching speed, and network throughput,
reduction in the network equipment, operating power and overall
system cost.

Lack of processing at bit level and the lack of efficient buffering in
the optical domain.
22 switch block with switching states: the "bar" state; and the "cross" state
7 September 2014 12
Important parameters of a Switch Fabrics:
Insertion loss: fraction of signal power that is lost because of the
switch, usually measured in dB, must be as small as possible and
loss uniformity should be there.

Extinction ratio: ratio of the output power in the on-state to the
output power in the off-state. This ratio should be as large as
possible.

Polarization-dependent loss: should be as small as possible.

Crosstalk: ratio of the power at a specific output from the desired
input to the power from all other inputs

Also..

Switching time
Reliability
Energy usage
Scalability
Temperature resistance.
Si, SOI, InP, InGaAsP, InGaAs, AlGaInAs, LiNbO
3
, Ti: LiNbO
3
etc.



Application:

Optical Cross-Connects (OXCs)
Protection Switching.
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing.
Optical Signal Monitoring.

7 September 2014 13
Provisioning of light paths. the switches are used inside
OXCs to reconfigure them to support new light paths.

OXCs groom and optimize transmission data paths .

Optical switch requirements for OXCs are :

I. Scalability, high-portcount switches.
II. High reliability, low loss.
III. Good uniformity of optical signals independent of path length,
IV. No disruption in other optical paths.

7 September 2014 14
Advantages:
1. Switch data without any conversions to electrical form.
2. Independent of data rate and data protocol.
3. Reductions in cost, size, and complexity.

Disadvantages:

1. Lack of memory and bit processing
2. Do not allow signal regeneration with retiming and
reshaping.

7 September 2014 15
Allows the completion of traffic transmission in the event of
system or network-level errors.

Requires optical switches with smaller port counts of 1x2 or
2x2.

Requires switches to be extremely reliable, since sometimes
these switches are single points of failure in the network .

Relax the requirements on the switching speed.

7 September 2014 16
OADMs nodes insert (add) or extract (drop) optical channels
(wavelengths) to or from the optical transmission stream.

Using an OADM, channels in a multi-wavelength signal can be
added or dropped without any electronic processing.

Switches that function as OADMs are wavelength-selective
switches, i.e. can switch the input signals according to their
wavelengths
7 September 2014 17
Used in WDM system, where OSM switch monitors each
channels optical spectra for wavelength accuracy, optical
power levels, and optical crosstalk.

Size of the optical switch is chosen based on the system
wavelength density and the desired monitoring thoroughness.

Optical switch employed should have a high extinction ratio
(low interference between ports), low insertion loss, and good
uniformity.

7 September 2014 18
Occurs when new data routes have to be established or
existing routes need to be modified.

High-capacity reconfigurable switches that can respond
automatically and quickly to service requests can increase
network flexibility, and thus bandwidth and profitability.

A network switch should carry out reconfiguration requests
over time intervals on the order of a few minutes.

7 September 2014 19
Photonic Switch:
Types
7 September 2014 20
Mechanical and Non-mechanical

Mechanical switches:

switching can be achieved with the help of moving optic fibers or
optic elements using mechanical or electro-magnetic means.

Relatively slow, useful for routing of an optical transmission path,
such as routing around a fault


Non mechanical switches:

Switches based on electro-optic, thermo-optic, acousto-optic
effects and SOA based switches.

Perform fast switching and are best suited for modern network
applications and logic operations.
Switching function is performed by some mechanical means,
such as prisms, mirrors, and directional couplers etc.

Mainly used in fiber protection and very-low-port-count
wavelength add/drop applications.

Advantage: low insertion losses, low polarization-dependent
loss, low crosstalk, and low fabrication cost.

Dis. Adv.: Lack of scalability, Switch configurations are limited
to 1 X 2 and 2 X 2 port sizes.

e.g. : Micro electro-mechanical Devices (MEMs)
Uses tiny reflective surfaces to redirect the light beams to a
desired port.

7 September 2014 22
Microscopic mirrors arranged in a crossbar configuration.
Mirror position is bi-stable, hence switches are digital in nature.

When a mirror is activated, it moves into the
path of the beam and directs the light to one
of the outputs.

Can be used for adding or dropping optical
Channels.

7 September 2014 23
MEMs switching technology
Uses a directional coupler whose coupling ratio is changed by
varying the refractive index of the material (usually LiNbO3)
in the coupling region.

The change in the index of refraction manipulates the light
through the appropriate waveguide path to the desired port.

Fast and reliable switch.

High insertion loss and possible polarization dependence and
higher driving voltage.

7 September 2014 24
Switching is performed by variation of the refractive index of a
dielectric material, due to temperature variation of the
material itself.

Two categories :
1. Interferometric
2. Digital optical switches

Generally small in size and high-driving-power
characteristics.

Allows the integration of variable optical attenuators and
wavelength selective elements on the same chip with the
same technology.

Limited integration density and high-power dissipation.
Require forced air cooling for reliable operation.

7 September 2014 25
Based on MachZehnder interferometers.

A 3-dB coupler splits the signal into 2 beams,
which then travel through two distinct arms of
same length, and a 2
nd
3-dB coupler merges
and finally splits the signal again.

Phase difference between the light beams,
is varied by heating one arm of the
interferometer.

As interference is constructive or destructive, the power on alternate
outputs is minimized or maximized.

7 September 2014 26
Integrated optical devices generally made of silica on silicon.
Light propagates through two interacting waveguide arms.
The phase error between the Beams at the two arms
determines the output port.

7 September 2014 27
Based on the change of polarization state of incident light by
a liquid crystal as a result of the application of an electric
field over the liquid crystal.

Liquid-crystal switches have no moving parts.

Very reliable and satisfactory optical performance.

Can be affected by extreme temperatures if not properly
designed.


7 September 2014 28
Based on the interaction between sound and light.

Input signal is split into its two polarized components (TE and
TM) and directed to two distinct parallel waveguides.

Through an acousto-optic effect in the material, this forms the
equivalent of a moving grating, which can be phase-matched to
an optical wave at a selected wavelength.

Phase matched signal is lower and non matched is upper
output.

The switching speed of acousto-optic switches is limited by the
speed of sound and is in the order of microseconds.

7 September 2014 29
7 September 2014 30
Versatile devices.

Can be used as an ONOFF switch by varying the bias voltage.

If the bias voltage is reduced, the device absorbs input
signals. otherwise it amplifies the input signals.

Capable of achieving very high extinction ratios.

Larger switches can be fabricated by integrating SOAs with
passive couplers.

7 September 2014 31
Large Switch
Architectures
7 September 2014 32
Crosstalk
Path delay
Coupling power losses
Blocking feature
Rearrangeability
On-chip viability

7 September 2014 33
Crossbar Architecture
Wide-sense non-blocking.

NxN switch requirement: N
2


Shortest path length = n

longest = 2n-1

(bad loss uniformity)

Fabricated w/o any
crossovers

7 September 2014 34
Spanke Architecture
Strict-sense non-blocking
Only 2 stages: 1xn and nx1 switches used instead of 2x2
Switch cost scales linearly with n
Lower insertion loss and equal optical path lengths (2log
2
N)
Requires 2N(N-1), 1x2 switches
7 September 2014 35
Benes Architecture
Rearrangeably non-blocking, An NxN Benes switch requires
[(N/2)x( 2log
2
N -1)] numbers of 2x2 switches, N is power of 2.
Efficient in number of 2x2 components
Network depth 2logN, requires waveguide crossovers
7 September 2014 36
Spanke-Benes Architecture
Rearrangeably non-blocking, requires n(n-1)/2 switches.
Efficient in number of 2x2 components.
Shortest path length: N/2 & Longest path Length: N
Eliminates waveguide crossovers: n-stage planar
7 September 2014 37
Banyan Architecture
Self-routing capability.
Small depth* (log
2
N).
Low loss and low
attenuation.
Absolute loss uniformity.
Butterfly interconnection
pattern

1616 optical banyan

* NxN banyan switch consist of Log
2
N stages, each stage contains N/2, 2x2 switches.


7 September 2014 38
7 September 2014 39
DESIGN EXAMPLES
MZI structure
Convert a phase modulation into an intensity modulation, Used for variety
of applications such as optical modulators, splitters, switches.

Preferred to realize optical switches with silica, polymers, III-V
semiconductors and their composites.

Monolithically integrated SOA MZI structures facilitate better control on
switching characteristics due to their compact size, thermal stability and low
power operation.

Switching in MZI structure


MZI switch with path delay element


Layout of (a) MZI structure and (b) Path delay with unequal interferometric arms.
Electro-optic MZI Switch
Fig. 11 EO-MZI switch with equal interferometric arm lengths, ref. [1]
First coupler divides the light evenly in two parts, which when passed
through the interferometric arms experience a net phase change of .

This phase difference is due to a pushpull effect caused by the field applied
in opposite directions through the waveguides under the electrodes [79].

The output intensity is periodic with minima and maxima occurring at odd
and even integer multiples of applied voltage.

Recombined power by accumulation of a phase difference:
2 | A
| |
1+cos( )
2
out
in
P
P
| A
=
Performance stability?
Study of the effect of high power levels on the characteristic of LN MZI
based modulator done experimentally.

Important performance parameters are stable for waveguide powers of
75mW

A. R. Beaumont, C. G. Atkins, R. C. Booth Optically induced drift effects in Lithium Niobate electrooptic
waveguide devices operating at a wavelength of 1.51m Electronics Letters, vol. 22 no. 23, pp.12601261, Nov. 6
th
,
1986.

MZI and Asymmetric Y Junctions based polymer EO switch
Switching voltage: 15 V, branching angle (
2
): 0.1
o
0.4
o
, evaluated for TM polarized
light at 1.3m, CT levels: - 27 to 22dB, I.L.: 2 dB

Optimization of waveguide structure and electrode regions is not done, which could lead
to reduction in switch voltage requirements and insertion losses.

W. Y. Hwang, M. C. Oh et al. Polymeric 22 EOswitch consisting of asymmetric Y junctions and MZI I EEE
Photonics Tech. Lett., vol. 9, no. 6, pp.761763, J une 1997.

Polymer based MZI EO switch using two phase generating (PGC)
couplers

C.T. Zheng, C. S. Ma, X. Yan, D.M. Zhang Design of a spectrumexpanded polymer MZI electrooptic switch using two
phase generating couplers Applied Physics B, Laser and Optics, pp. 110, SpringerVerlag, 2010.


Sine-type bending waveguides are used to create the path-length
difference

Optimization parameters: electrode length, width and the gap

EO region length is 5mm, spectrum 1380 1730 nm, switching voltage
required: 0.925 V @ 1.55 m, CT: 30 dB.

However, I.L. is higher 5 dB (introduction of two PGC causes longer
waveguide length)

Ti LN MZI optical switch
Switching voltage required: 12 V (1.3 m) and 13.4 V (1.55 m), which goes
increasing with increase in separation distance. Optimized separation distance (24
m) with length of electrode (10mm)



The change of wavelength is directly proportional to the switching voltage
E. H .M Yahya MachZehnder interferometer Thesis, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology
Malaysia, April, 2007.

Length of the interferometer arm.
Coupling area of the constituent 3 dB couplers.
Unequal Interferometer arm and shape optimization.
Effect of changes in electrode dimension
Electro-optic MZI switches state transition through voltages to the
electrodes
The control sensitivity, control voltage range, equivalence in
switching performance in different states considered.
MZI Switch Design Guidelines
Modelling of MZI switch


Fig. 13 Sectional diagram of the MZI structure (b) S-bend with transition length (l) and lateral offset (h)
MZI structure dimensions = 33mm (length) 0.1mm (width, inclusive of electrode regions)
Guiding channel width (C
w
) across all sections of the structure= 8 m
S-bend
waveguides
S
1
: Transition length (l) = 5750 m, Lateral offset (h) = 12.75 m
S
2
: Transition length (l) = 2500 m, Lateral offset (h) = 8.75 m
Length of coupling section (L
c
) = 3250 m and interferometric arms (L
INF
) = 10 mm,
Interferometric arms spacing : 24 m
The guiding channel (8.0 m) with a bell shaped refractive index in the form of MZI structure is
created by Ti indiffused LN.

The resulting refractive index distribution can be further classified into ordinary and extra ordinary
type, which strongly depends on polarization and crystal cut [75].

The resultant change in the refractive index is a function of parameters like Tistrip thickness (t
s
),
lateral diffusion length (D
h
), vertical diffusion length (D
v
)

and other process parameters.
7 September 2014 48
Loss variation (dB/mm) v/s t
s
(m) for straight
waveguides
Loss variation (dB/mm) v/s t
s
(m) for
curved (s-bend) waveguides

Fig. 18 I n and Output definitions of both couplers (3dB splitter and 3dB combiner)
The imbalance factor (non-uniformity) and the generated CT levels due to Q
1
and Q
2
are calculated as
follows [5]. Imbalance at the output of 1
st
3-dB splitter
3
10
4
P
10log
P
U
| |
=
|
\ .
The CT levels at the end of interferometric arms, prior to 2
nd
3-dB combiner.
2
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 2
10 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 2
Q Q

2 2
10log
Q Q
2 2

| | | |
`
| |
\ . \ .

)

| | | |
+
`
| |
\ . \ .

)
Q
1
and Q
2
are power levels at the end of interferometric arms
( )
1
(U/10)
1
Q
10 1
=
+
2 1
Q 1 Q =
Power imbalance of first stage 3-dB coupler
Calculated CT levels due to variation in power
imbalance and variations in t
s
, switch state: cross
Operating
wavelength
(m)
Optimized
Ti-strip
thickness
(m)
Min. req.
Switch
volt. (V)
CT levels
(-ve dB)
I.L. (dB) E.L. (dB)
Bar
state
Cross
state
Bar
state
Cross
state
Bar
state
Cross
state
Ti-indiffused z-cut LN based MZI switch with path delay (tapered) arm
1.3 0.054 Not req. 22.56 41.73 0.23 0.018 0.19 0.017
1.55 0.0825 Not req. 21.22 39.66 0.49 0.006 0.34 0.005
Ti-indiffused z-cut LN based EO-MZI switch with buffer layer
1.3 0.054 7.2 29.68 41.73 0.023 0.018 0.019 0.017
1.55 0.0825 8.25 32.99 39.66 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005
Ti-indiffused z-cut LN based EO-MZI switch without buffer layer
1.3 0.054 4.6 30.99 41.73 0.023 0.018 0.019 0.017
1.55 0.0825 5 23.89 39.66 0.024 0.006 0.006 0.005
Ti-indiffused x-cut LN based EO-MZI switch with buffer layer
1.3 0.054 10.5 29.77 17.20 0.033 0.098 0.028 0.014
1.55 0.0825 12 30.88 15.62 0.011 0.012 0.007 0.007
Ti-indiffused x-cut LN based EO-MZI switch without buffer layer
1.3 0.054 4.7 30.89 17.20 0.032 0.098 0.028 0.014
1.55 0.0825 5.5 22.34 15.62 0.032 0.012 0.007 0.007
Reconsideration of the architecture of basic
switch elements.

The basic switch architecture incorporated
and several aspects.

New Designs, simulations with guiding
algorithm for higher order switch
architectures to come up with results practically
viable to the recent demand.



7 September 2014 53
Incorporation of grated switches as basic switch
elements and their respective performance
analysis.
Analysis of and improvement in noise
resistibility of the particular architectures and
the proposed ones.
Photonic crystals as a building material for our
basic switch element.
FDTD simulations to establish working
principles for the basic switch elements.

7 September 2014 54
Directions of development:
Same architecture with optical components (realistic)
All functions in optical mode (ambitious)
Use of Surface Plasmon's to develop Switches to be
incorporated with system on-chip (SOC)

Many new possibilities
High performance computing, high speed communications,
parallel algorithms
Optics and its implications will have a big affect on the future of
computing
Possibly big changes to software development

7 September 2014 55
[1] Shintaro Niwal, Shinji Matsuo,Takaaki Kakitsuka, Ken-ichi Kitayama Experimental demonstration of 1x4 InP/lnGaAsP optical integrated multimode interference
waveguide switch 20th International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, IPRM 2008, Page(s):1 4, 25-29 May 2008.

[2] N. Agrawal, C. M. Weinert, H.4. Ehrke, G. G. Mekonnen, D. Franke, C. Bornholdt, and R. Langenhorst Fast 2 x 2 Mach-Zehnder Optical Space Switches Using InGaAsP-
InP Multiquantum- Well Structures IEEE Photonics technology letters, Vol. 7, No. 6, page no. 644-645, June 1995.

[3] H. Y. Wong, M. Sorel,A. C. Bryce,J. H. Marsh, J. M. Arnold Monolithically integrated InGaAsAlGaInAs Machzehnder interferometer optical switch using quantum-well
intermixing IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 17, No. 4, page no. 783-785, April 2005.

[4] Lithium niobate, source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_niobate

[5] Ivan E. Kalabin, Tatiana I. Grigorieva, Lev D. Pokrovsky and Victor V. Atuchin High Quality Double Doped Polarizing Insertion In Titanium Diffused Lithium Niobate
Waveguides 5
th
International siberian workshop and tutorial EDM'2004, session I, JULY 1-5, ERLAGOL, page no. 48-50, ISBN 5-7782-0463-9, 2004.

[6] T.-J. Wang, J.-S. Chung, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16 (2004), 2275.
[7]: Yu Ji, X.S Yao, L. Maleki Compact optoelectronic oscillator with ultra-low phase noise performance Electronics latters, 1554, vol. 35, No. 18, 2
nd
September, 1999.
[8]: Xiuping Xie High gain parametric processes in quasi-phase matching proton-exchange lithium niobate waveguides Ph.D dissertation, the department of applied
physics, Stanford university, September 2006.

[9] Kenya Suzuki1, Takashi Yamada1, Osamu Moriwaki1, Hiroshi Takahashi1 and Masayuki Okuno Polarization-insensitive MZI switch composed of an in phase shifter
array and silica-based plc-integrated polarization beam splitter OFC/NFOEC 2008 ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/4512186/4528018/04528714.

[10] Thylen, L. Lithium Niobate Devices in Switching and Multiplexing Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical
Sciences, Volume 329, Issue 1603, pp. 83-92, Sept., 1989.

[11] Ed L. Wooten, Karl M. Kissa, Alfredo Yi-Yan, Edmond J. Murphy, Donald A. Lafaw, Peter F. Hallemeier, David Maack, Daniel V. Attanasio, Daniel J. Fritz, Gregory J.
McBrien, Donald E. Bossi, A Review of Lithium Niobate Modulators for Fiber-Optic Communications Systems IEEE Journal of selected topics In Quantum Electronics,
VOL. 6, NO. 1, Page No. 69-82, January/February 2000.
[12] Yu.N. Korkishko, V.A. Fedorov, S.M. Kostritskii, A.N. Alkaev, E.I. Maslennikov, E.M. Paderin, D.V. Apraksin, F. Laurell, Microelectronic Engineering, 69, 228-236,
2003.

[13] R. C. Alferness Ti-diffused lithium niobate waveguide devices ieeexplorer, CH 2358-O/86/0000-0001, 1986.

[14] Xiaobo Hou A leaky waveguide all-optical analog-to-digital converter Ph.D thesis, the faculty of Drexel University, December 2004.

[15] LN Binh, TL Huynh and A. Rahman Raman optically amplified MSK multi-span transmission Systems: simulation, Monash University, 2007.

7 September 2014 56
[16] E.L.Wooten et al., IEEE J. of selected topics in Quantum electronics, 2000 6, 69-82.

[17] P. Toliver, R. J. Runser, I. Glesk, and P. R. Prucnal, Comparison ofthree nonlinear optical switch geometries, in Proc. Conf. on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO 2000),
San Francisco, CA, May 712, pp.254255.

[18] Roland Schreieck, Martin Kwakernaak, Heinz Jckel, Emil Gamper, Emilio Gini, Werner Vogt, Hans Melchior Ultrafast Switching Dynamics of MachZehnder
Interferometer Switches IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 13, NO. 6, page no. 603-605, June 2001.

[19] Xueliang Song, Naoki Futakuchi, Foo Cheong Yit, Zhenrui Zhang,Yoshiaki Nakano 28-ps Switching Window With a Selective Area MOVPE All-Optical MZI Switch IEEE
Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 17, No. 7, July 2005.

[20] S. Gupta, M. Presi, N. Calabretta, G. Contestabile, E. Ciaramella Operational Equivalence of Self-Switching Effect in SOA-based Nonlinear Polarization and MZI
Switches ieeexplorer, 1-4244-0925-X, page no. 810-811,2007.

[21] Tae Yong Han, Hyun-Shik Lee and El-Hang Lee Design of Compact Silicon Optical Modulator Using Photonic Crystal MZI Structure ieeexplorer, page no. 308-310,
978-1-4244-1768-1/2008.

[22] Lucas B.Soldano, Erik C.M.Penning,Multimode Couplers,PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, 1994, ISBN 90-407-1044-9.

[23] L.B. Soldano, E.C.M. Pennings: Planner monomode Optical couplers based on Multimode Interference Effects Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 10, No. 12,
DECEMBER 1992.

[24] Bryngdahl, Image formation using self-imaging techniques, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 41-19, 1973.

[25] R. Ulrich, Image formation by phase coincidences in optical waveguides, Optics Commun., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 259-264, 1975.

[26] G. I Papadimitriou, C. Papazoglou, and A. S. Pomportsis, Optical Switching: Switch Fabrics, Techniques, and Architectures, IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave
Technology, 21, #84-405 (2003)

[27] R. A. Spanke, Architectures for Guided-Wave Optical Space Switching Systems, IEEE Communications Magazine, 25, 42-48 (1987).

[28] R. A. Spanke, Architectures for Large Nonblocking Optical Space Switches, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 22, 964-967 (1986).

[29] Tolga Tekin, Monolithically Integrated Gain Shifted Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for All-Optical Demultiplexing, von
der Fakultt IV fr Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen, Universitt Berlin, zur Erlangung des akademischen grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften, 20 July
2004.
[30] Michael Connelly Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers and their Applications OPTOEL 2003.


7 September 2014 57
[31] 761Wol-Yon Hwang, Min-Cheol Oh, Member, IEEE, Hyang-Mok Lee, Heuk Park, and Jang-Joo Kim Polymeric 2x2 Electrooptic Switch Consisting of Asymmetric Y
Junctions and MachZehnder interferometer. IEEE Photonics Technology latters, VOL. 9, NO. 6, JUNE 1997.

[32] Fenghai Liu, Xueyan Zheng, Rune J.S. Pedersen* and Palle Jeppesen. Fully reconfigurable 2x2 optical cross-connect using tunable wavelength switching modules.
Research Center COM, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark, Email: LF@COM.DTU.DK.*Now with Tellabs Denmark A/S
[33] Chen Yu, Xiaohong Jiang, Susumu Horiguchi, Minyi Guo, Overall Blocking Behavior Analysis of General Banyan-Based Optical Switching Networks IEEE Transactions On
Parallel And Distributed Systems, Vol. 17, No. 9, September 2006.
[34] Toshio Kirihara, Mari Ogawa, Hiroaki Inoue, and Koji Ishida Lossless and Low-Crosstalk Characteristics in an InP-Based 2 x 2 Optical Switch IEEE Photonics Technology
latters, VOL. 5, NO. 9, sepetember 1993.
[35] C.Wu and T.Feng,"On a Class of Multistage Interconnection Nctworks," IEEE. Trans. Comput., Aug. 1980, pp.694-702.
[36] Young Wook Keum and Sung Chun Kim, Design and Analysis of the High-Performance Interconnected Banyan Switching Fabric(1BSF), IEEE Trans. 1087-4089/96, 1993.
pp. 249-255.
[37] L.H.Spiekman, Y.S.Oei, E.G.Metaal, F.H.Groen, I.Moerman and M.K.Smit, Extremely small multimode interference couplers and bends on InP by deep etching, IEEE
Photonics. Tech. Lett.., vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 1008-1010, 1994.

[38] L.B.Soldano, F.B.Veerman, M.K.Smit, B.H.Veerbeek, A.H.Dubost, and E.C.M.Pennings, planar monomode optical couplers based on multimode interference effects, J
Lightwave Tech., vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1843-1850, 1992.

[39] L.B.Soldano, M.Bachmann, PA.Besse, M.K.Smit, and H.Melchior, Large optical bandwidth of InGaAsP/InP multimode interference 3dB couplers, Proc. of European Conf.
on integrated optics (ECIO), pp. 14.10-14.11, 1993.

[40] L. Cahill, The modeling of MMI devices, Proc. ICTON, vol. 2, pp. 138-141, Nottinghum, UK, June 2006.

[41] Li Zhangjian, Li Baojun, Optical pulse controlled optical logic NOT gate, Proc. SPIE, vol. 6019, pp. 183-189, Dec 2005.

[42] R.Van Roijen, et al, Compact InP based ring lasers employing multimode interference couplers and combiners, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 64, no. 14, pp. 1753-1755, 1994.

[43] V. E. Benes, Mathematical theory of connecting networks, N Y: Academic, 1965.

[44] V. E. Benes, Heuristic Remarks and Mathematical Problems Regarding the Theory of Switching Systems, Bell syst. Tech J, vol. 41, pp. 1201-1247, 1962.

[45] G. R. Pieris and G. H. Sasaki, A Linear Lightwave Benes Network, IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 441-445, Aug 1993.

[46] A. Jajszczyk, Optimal Structures of Benes switching Networks, IEEE Trans. on Comm., vol. 27, pp. 433-437, 1979.

Continued...

7 September 2014 58
Optical Switching by G.I Papadimitriou, C. Papazoglon and A.S
Pomportsis, Wiley series in Microwave & Optical Engg.

Optical components for communications by Ching-Fuh Lin,
Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Photonics by Ralf Menzel, Springer International Edition.

Optical waveguides by M.l Calvo, V.Lakshminarayanana, CRC
press, Taylor & Fransis group.

7 September 2014 59
Thank You All !!!!