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Fundamentals of
Load Frequency Control (LFC)
and
Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
The system frequency reaches steady-state at a value
that causes the sum of the on-line generator output
MW to be equal to the system load MW.

With this type of governor Control (Primary Control),
when the system load increases, the system
frequency decreases and visa versa.

How do we control frequency to 50HZ, no matter what
the load is?
We need Secondary Control also
Limitation of Governor Control (Pr. Control)

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Governor with
Speed-droop
Feedback Loop
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(Ref. W&W p. 337)
By changing the load
reference set point
The generators governor
characteristics
can be set to give
reference frequency f
o
at any desired unit
output.
The basic control input to the
generating unit as far as generation
control is concerned is the load
reference set point (Raise/Lower).
By adjusting this set point on each
unit, a desired unit dispatch can be
maitained while holding system
frequency close to the desired
value
Speed-Changer Settings
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Steady-state speed characteristic
with speed changer
50
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Power output as a function of frequency
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Primary Control
Secondary Control
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How does the addition of the Raise/Lower Speed
Changer( Sec. Control) to the Governor Control (Pr.
Control) facilitate the control of frequency?

Hint: It causes the sum of the on-line generator
output MW to be equal to the system load MW
exactly at desired value of steady-state system
frequency.

Governor alone can not eliminate frequency error
caused by load changes. Advantage of governor is its
quick response and reasonable frequency correction
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Primary Control and Secondary Control
From a central control site, you increase or decrease
the no-load frequency set-points of generating units
until the sum of the generated power is equal to the
present system load, then the frequency will stabilize
at 50HZ.

This form of supplemental control is called Automatic
Generation Control (AGC) and more specifically, Load
Frequency Control (LFC).
AGC, and LFC
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Automatic Generation Control, AGC
AGC is usually implemented in Energy
Management System(EMS) of Energy
Control Centers(ECC).
The components of AGC in modern power
system are:
Load Frequency Control(LFC)
Economic Dispatch(ED)
Interchange Scheduling(IS)
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To
50 Hz
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ACE Calculation
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Generation Allocation
Losses, Loads, Export
Power
Generated,

Import
50 Hz, in our
country
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