CHAPTER#1

Introduction To
Psychology
HSS- (107)
INSTRUCTOR: ASMA NAZIR
WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS?
The term psychology comes from two
Greek words, psyche, meaning the
soul and logos referring to the study
of the subject.
These two words were put together in
16
th
century.
It is comparatively a young field
which evolved from the establish
fields of philosophy and biology.
WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS?
Psychology is about you and me.
Application of psychology focuses on
everyday problems , such as coping
more effectively with stress,
improving memory, enhancing
performance in school and dealing
with sleep difficulties.
Another element of psychology is that
it represents a way of thinking.
Defining Psychology
Psychology involves the investigation of
behavior and mental processes.
WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS?
Psychologists define psychology as
the science of behavior and mental
processes.
Psychology as a study of soul.
Psychology as a science of mind.
As a science of conscious,
As a science of behavior.
As a science of Gestalt.
As a science of unconsciousness.

OVERT AND COVERT
BEHAVIORS
OVERT BEHAVIORS: Observable
actions and responses, such as eating
and talking.

COVERT BEHAVIORS: Private,
internal activities, such as thinking,
remembering and other mental
events

INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGY

EARLY DAYS OF PSYCHOLOGY/
SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF
THOUGHS
INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGY
The establishment of psychology as a
separate science traced to the year
1879.


Wilhelm Wundt found first
experimental laboratory for conscious
experience at Leipzig.
SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF THOUGHS

1. STRUCTURALISTS:
Its the point where psychology
enters into modern science.
Group of psychologists who followed
teachings of Wundt known as
structuralists.
Structuralism focused on the
fundamental elements that form
thinking, consciousness, emotions
etc.
1. STRUCTURALISTS:
He proposed that human behavior
could be measured.
When we study mind the basic
elements of mind should be study on
structural components.
Introspection is a self report
procedure that is used to study the
structure of mind.

2. FUNCTIONALISTS
Around 1900 another group of
psychologists led by John Dewy
known as functionalists.
They replace structuralism
Found by William James and Cattell.
They discuss functions of mental
activity.
What does mind actually operate?
Study of mans adjustment to his
environment (John).

2. FUNCTIONALISTS
Stream of consciousness:

Ever flow of thoughts that mind

is

ever changing.
3. BEHAVIOURISTS
J.B.Watson developed another school
of thought known as Behaviorism.
Psychology must focused on those
events that can be observed and
measured.
Human behavior is always determined
by environmental forces.

4.GESTALT SCHOOL OF THOUGHT:
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) developed
Gestalt school of thought.
People are more than the some of their
parts.
We understand whole as one unit.
The whole is greater than the some of its
parts.
Their main emphasis on human perception,
automatically perceiving the thing as a
whole.
5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Austrian Physician was founder of
psychoanalytic school
Specialized in disorders of nervous
system
Help patients to interpret and
understand their problems
Psychology as study of unconscious
motive
5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT
If unconscious conflicts brought into
consciousness, they lose power to
control patient's life.
Early past experience of which person
is unaware important to influence
their current behavior.
Behavior is always determined by
unconscious force.
5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT
Below the level of consciousness
(beyond the human force, which
person is unaware).
Consciousness: actively aware of
something and immediately recall.
Un-conscious: beyond awareness,
person are not actively aware of
something and not recall
immediately. The thoughts are
somewhere hidden in the mind.