Huawei Confidential.

All Rights Reserved

WCDMA Handover Principal and
Analysis
1.0
Internal Use
1

Why mobile systems need

handover?

It is decided by the characters of

mobile system:

The mobility of UE

The mobile system is composed by

cells which the coverage ability is
limited.

Providing the continuous service in

mobile system is the basic element in
QoS.

Internal Use
2
Object
Upon completion this course, you will
be able to:

The basic definitions of Handover

The algorithms of handover

decision

The handover flow

The parameters of handover

Internal Use
3
Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm
Internal Use
4
The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic

element in QoS.

The load balance: sharing the resource

The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of using

resource
Internal Use
5
The Basic Concepts of Handover

Active Set

Monitored Set

Detected set

Event reporting

Event reporting to Periodic reporting

Periodic reporting

Radio Link (RL)

Radio Link Set (RLS)

Combination way:

maximum ratio combination

selection combination

The soft handover gain

CPICH

Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover

Blind handover
Internal Use
6
The Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters:

Soft handover (softer handover)

Hard handover

According to the properties of source cell and target cell

Intra-frequency handover

Inter-frequency handover

Inter-mode handover (FDD <-> TDD)

Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM/CDMA2000)

According to the purpose of handover

Based on Coverage

Based on Load (Optional)

Based on mobility of UE (Optional)

Based on Service (Optional)

Internal Use
7
The Characters of Different Handovers
Item Soft Handover Hard Handover
The numbers of RL
in active set after
handover
Several One
Interruption during
handover
No Yes
The frequencies of
cells
Only happened
in Intra-
frequency cells
Can be happened in
Intra-frequency cells or
Inter-frequency cells
Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Internal Use
8
The Characters of Different Handovers

During softer handover, the uplink signaling are

combined in NodeB by maximum ratio combination, but
during soft handover they are combined in RNC by
selection combination.

Compare to later one, the maximum ration combination

can get more gain. So the performance of maximum
ration combination is better.

Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not

consume transport resource of Iub.
Comparison between soft handover and softer handover:
Internal Use
9
RNC
NodeB 2 NodeB 1
Soft Handover
Internal Use
10
RNC (WFMR)
NodeB
Softer Handover
Internal Use
11
Hard Handover
Internal Use
12
Three Steps of Handover
Decision
Execute
Measurement

Measurement

Measurement control

Measurement execution and

the result processing

The measurement report

Mainly accomplished by UE

Decision

Based on Measurement

The application and

distribution of resource

Mainly accomplished by
RRM in RNC

Execution

The process of signaling

Support the failure drawback

Measurement control refresh

Internal Use
13
Questions

The differences among Soft handover,

softer handover and hard handover

Typical application scenarios

Internal Use
14
Summary

This chapter focus on the purpose of handovers and the

categories of handover in WCDMA.
Internal Use
15
Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm
Internal Use
16
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE internal measurement
Internal Use
17
Measurement Control and Measurement
Report
Measurement Control
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
Internal Use
18
Measurement Control and Measurement
Report
Measurement report
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurement report, normal case
Internal Use
19
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic concepts of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement
Internal Use
20
The Basic Concepts of Measurement

The measurement values of Handover

Intra-frequency and inter-frequency: CPICH RSCP CPICH

Ec/N0Path loss

Inter-frequencyCPICH RSCPCPICH Ec/N0

Inter-systemGSM Carrier RSSI BSIC Identification BSIC

Reconfirmation

The reporting methods of measurement

Periodic reporting

Event reporting

The events of reporting

Intra-frequency events1A,1B,1C,1D,1F

Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C

Inter-system events 3A,3C

Others6G,6F
Internal Use
21
Measurement Model
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
A
D
B C
C'
parameters
parameters
Internal Use
22
Reporting Criterion

Reporting Criterion

Decision formula: for example, 1A event :

1.Path Loss


2.Other measurement

Relative threshold, Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time

to trigger

), 2 / ( 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1
1
a Best
N
i
i New
H R LogM W M Log W LogM
A
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
s

=
), 2 / ( 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1
1
a Best
N
i
i New
H R LogM W M Log W LogM
A
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
>

=
Internal Use
23
Key Parameters
Internal Use
24
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement
Internal Use
25
Intra-frequency Measurement Events

All intra-frequency measurement report events are identified with

1X :

1AA primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When

the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;

1BA primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;

1CThe primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than

the primary pilot channel in an active set;

1DThe best cell changes;

1EThe measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds

the absolute threshold

1F, The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower

than the absolute threshold
Internal Use
26
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement
Internal Use
27
Inter-frequency Measurement Events

Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2X

2A: The best frequency changes;

2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;

2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher

than a certain threshold;

2DThe estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a

certain threshold

2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is lower

than a certain threshold

2F:The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than

a certain threshold
Internal Use
28
Inter-system Measurement Events

Inter-system measurement events are identified with

3X

3A:The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency

is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system
is higher than a certain threshold;

3B: The estimated quality value of the other system is lower

than a certain threshold

;

3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher

than a certain threshold

;

3D: The best cell in the other system changes

Internal Use
29
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement
Internal Use
30
UE Internal Measurement

UE Internal measurement events are identified with 6X

6G: The time difference between downlink receiving and

uplink transmission of the UE is shorter than an absolute
threshold;

6F: The time difference between downlink receiving and

uplink transmission of the UE is bigger than an absolute
threshold;
Internal Use
31
Questions

How many events are there in intra-frequency measurement?

What are they?

How many events are there in UE internal measurement?

How many events are there in inter-frequency measurement?

What are they?
Internal Use
32
Summary

This chapter covers intra-frequency measurement, inter-

frequency measurement, inter-system measurement and UE
internal measurement from their definitions and application
scenarios.
Summary
Internal Use
33
Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm
Internal Use
34
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode
Internal Use
35
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Characters of Soft Handover

During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells----

active set.

The handover among different cells which are in same RLS can
be softer handover.

Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink

Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Internal Use
36
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Advantages

Soft handover gain:

Multi-Cell gain: Multiple irrelated soft handover branches low

the required margin for fading

Macro Diversity Combining gain: Gain for the link

demodulation of the soft handover:

Load balance: Different cells receive the signals from UE in

uplink, which can decrease the transmission power of UE. And
UE receive signal from different cells, which also can decrease
the transmission power of base station.

Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong

handover.

Disadvantages

More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code

resource of BE service.

Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative.

When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced, it

will bring side-effect.
Internal Use
37
Measurement of Soft Handover

The measurement of soft handover/softer handover

Measurement valueCPICH RSCPCPICH Ec/NoPathloss

Process of MeasurementLayer 1 filter, Layer 2 filter

Reporting way

Periodic reporting

Event reporting
Event type1A1B1C1D1F
UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold,
Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to trigger
Event reporting to periodic reporting
Internal Use
38
The Events of Soft Handover Measurement

Soft/softer handover measurement events

Intra-frequency events reporting:

1AA primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.

When the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;

1BA primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;

1CThe primary pilot channel in a non active set is better

than the primary pilot channel in an active set;

1DThe best cell changes;

1EThe measurement value of a primary pilot channel

exceeds the absolute threshold

1F, The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is

lower than the absolute threshold
Internal Use
39
The Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover

Soft/softer handover decision

1A add RL into active set

1B Delete RL from active set

1Creplace cell

1Dchange best cell

Internal Use
40
The Execution of Soft Handover

Soft handover execution

The update principal of measurement control

Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters

according to best cell

RLC mode

AM mode is used for measurement control

UM mode is used for measurement reporting

The compensation and restriction of soft handover

From event reporting to periodic reporting

Parametersthe time value for periodic reporting,
the number for reporting times
Internal Use
41
Soft Handover Flow (add RL)

The execution of soft handover (add RL)

Internal Use
42
Soft Handover Flow (del RL)

The execution of soft handover (del RL)

Internal Use
43
Key Parameters

Relative threshold

Set 1A, 1B value separately

1A < 1Bwhich makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can

avoid ping-pong handover

Usually 1A: 3dB; 1B: 6dB

Time to trigger

Each event can be set separately

Usually, 1B>1Awhich makes deleting RL is more difficult, and

it can avoid ping-pong handover

Usually, 1A: 320ms, 1B: 640ms

Layer 3 filter coefficient

Only one value for all intra-frequency measurement

Sensitive to the delay of event trigger and ping-pong handover

Usually3

absolute threshold of soft handover

Internal Use
44
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode
Internal Use
45
The Characters of Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Characters

UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover

Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to target

cell

The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same

Advantages

Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware

resource

Disadvantages

High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency

interference

Application scenarios

Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface jam
(only happened in inter-RNC handover)

The different strategies can be used for different conditions, such

as code resource condition, the QoS condition and so no.
Internal Use
46
The Measurement, Decision and Execution of
Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Measurement

Similar to soft handover

Decision

1D event

Execution

UE reports CFN-SFN information

Synchronization hard handover

Use the original DOFF value

Continuous CFN

UE does not report CFN-SFN information

The hard handover based on timing

Re-configure DOFF

Calculate CFN according to DOFF

Internal Use
47
Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow

Intra-frequency hard handover flow

UE
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP establish
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP release
Internal Use
48
Key Parameters

Handover decision threshold based on BE speed

UE should do soft handover when the speed of BE service is

less than the threshold.

UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the speed of

BE service is greater than the threshold.

The parameters about 1D event:

time to trigger hysteresis

The parameters should be set accord with the Qos

Internal Use
49
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode
Internal Use
50
The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency
Hard Handover

Characters

The working frequency is different after handover

The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one receiver

Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used for hard

handover

Advantages

Compare to intra-frequency hard handover, the success

possibility is higher

The load balance among cells with different frequencies

Can realize the reasonable configuration for hierarchy cells

Disadvantages

Compressed mode results in extra radio resource occupied

The timing re-initiation hard handover increase the time of

handover and the risk of call drop

Application scenarios

Disconnected coverage

Handover based on load

Hierarchy cells
Internal Use
51
The Inter-frequency Hard Handover Measurement
Values and Events

The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement values

Measurement values:

CPICH RSCPCPICH Ec/N0

Different handover purpose for different measurement type:

In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP

In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No

Internal Use
52
The Measurement Values and Events of Inter-
frequency Hard Handover

Measurement reporting

Periodic reporting

Event reporting
2A: The best frequency changes;
2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is
lower than a certain threshold, and that of the non-used
frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is
higher than a certain threshold;
2DThe estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower
than a certain threshold
2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is
lower than a certain threshold
2F:The estimated quality value of the used frequency is
higher than a certain threshold
Internal Use
53
Compressed Mode Initiation in Inter-frequency
Hard Handover

Conditions for measurement initiated

2D event can be used to enable the compressed mode

to perform inter-frequency measurement.

Enable inter-frequency measurement by moving speed

estimation algorithm

Conditions for Measurement stopping

2F event

After the best cell is changed, the cell does not contain
inter-frequency neighbor cells.

Inter-frequency measurement timer expired

Because the moving speed of UE is changed, the inter-

frequency handover measurement is stopped by cell
hierarchy algorithm.
Internal Use
54
Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE
Moving Speed

When UE is in one of the hierarchy cells, the moving speed

estimation algorithm is initiated

Handover events in a while decides whether the speed of UE

satisfies the current cell hierarchy condition

UE is remained in the current cell if the speed is medium.

If the speed is very high, it will be handed over to higher

hierarchy cell. And if not, hand it over to lower hierarchy cell.

UEs moving speed decided the result.

If the hierarchy is configured by different frequencies, the

inter-frequency blind handover or inter-frequency
measurement handover can be initiated.

If the hierarchy is configured by one frequency, the intra-

frequency handover can be initiated.
Internal Use
55
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Decision
Algorithm

The inter-frequency hard handover decision

The coverage triggers the handover

2B event
the quality in the used frequency is lower than absolute
threshold, but the quality in another non-used frequency
is higher than another absolute threshold.

The load triggers handover

2C event
the quality in another frequency is higher than an
absolute threshold
Internal Use
56
The Execution of Inter-frequency Hard Handover

The execution of Inter-frequency hard handover

UE report the timing information

UE with two receivers does not need compressed mode.

Synchronization hard handover

Using the original DOFF

Continued CFN

UE does not report timing information

UE with a single receiver has to initiate compressed mode

If the NodeB of target cell is not the same one which the cells
in active set belong to
the timing re-initiation hard handover
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate the CFN according to DOFF

If the NodeB of target cell is the same one which the cells in
active set belong to
Calculate the target cell timing relationship
Synchronization hard handover
Using the original DOFF
Continued CFN

Internal Use
57
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Flow

Signaling flow
UE
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP established
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP released
Internal Use
58
Key Parameters (I)

Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:

Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or

event reporting

Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH

RSCP

Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay

trigger time and hysteresis

Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the

different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS
domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are
configured.

Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality

threshold of target cell

Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard

handover

The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover

Internal Use
59
Key Parameters (II)

Inter-frequency handover parameters caused by non-

coverage ability

Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger

time and hysteresis

Inter-frequency handover based on non-coverage ability

Internal Use
60
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode
Internal Use
61
The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard
Handover

Application scenarios

WCDMA FDD <>GSM

WCDMA FDD <>WCDMA TDD

WCDMA FDD <>CDMA2000

Characters

Different radio access technology is used after handover

Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the

measurement

Advantages

For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system

to another system

For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old

equipments(2G->3G)

Disadvantages

The flow is complicated, and it demands higher

compatibility for equipments

Demands more complicated UE

Internal Use
62
The Measurement for Inter-system
Compressed Mode Initiated

The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)

Measurement type:

GSM Carrier RSSI

BSIC Identification

BSIC Reconfirmation

The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3 filter

Measurement reporting

Event reporting
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement
Internal Use
63
The Inter-system Hard Handover
Decision Algorithm

The inter-system hard handover decision

Inter-system handover caused by coverage

Event reporting:
3A event The estimated quality value of the used
UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and
that of the other system is higher than a certain
threshold .

Periodic reporting:
EvaluationAccording to the periodic reported GSM
RSSI measurement value and the BSIC confirming state
of target cell of GSM system, and meanwhile the UE
evaluates the GSM RSSI of target cell is greater than the
absolute threshold, then consider the cell confirmed by
BSIC.
Internal Use
64
The Inter-system Hard Handover
Decision Algorithm

The inter-system hard handover decision

Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage

Event reporting
3C event: The estimated quality value of the other
system is higher than a absolute threshold.
Internal Use
65
Inter-system Handover Flow

The execution of inter-system handover

1. Relocation
Required
2. Prepare
Handover
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
12. Iu Release
Command
13. Iu Release
Complete 14. Send End
Signal Response
5. Prepare
Handover
Response
6. Relocation
Command
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command

8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete

10. Handover
Complete
11. Send
End
Signal
Request

UE
Node B SRNC CN MSC BSC
Internal Use
66
Key Parameters (I)

Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters

Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold:

Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH
RSCP for PS domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F
parameters are configured

Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)

CPICH Ec/No

CPICH RSCP

BSIC confirmed (Optional)

Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters

configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS

domain separately

Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold

Configure the delay trigger time, hysteresis for each event

Internal Use
67
Key parameters (II)

Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage parameters

The period of inter-system measurement report

The decision threshold for inter-system handover: configure the

CS, PS, signaling separately

Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with acknowledged and

unacknowledged mode

Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient and

hysteresis

Penalty time
Internal Use
68
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode
Internal Use
69
The Brief Introduction HSDPA Handover

Application Scope

Related to the handover between the HS-DSCH channel

of HSDPA

The service cell update of HSDPA

HSDPA<>DCH

Purpose

the service which data rate satisfied the threshold of

HSDPA should use the HSDPA resource. To realize the
maximum traffic volume, the service cell with HS-DSCH
should be the best cell in the active set.
Internal Use
70
HSDPA Measurement

HSDPA handover measurement

Measurement type: CPICH RSCPCPICH Ec/N0Path

loss

The process of measurement: layer 1 filter coefficient and

layer 3 filter coefficient

Measurement reporting

Periodic reporting

Event reporting
Reporting type: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D
The event reporting converted to periodic
reporting
Internal Use
71
Service Cell Change Algorithm

Change the service cell for HS-PDSCH in active set

According to 1D event to decide the best cell, and hand it over

to the cell.

After handover, initiate the timer to forbid the ping-pong

handover

Change the service cell for HS-PDSCH after hard handover

Establish the HSDPA channel in target cell with hard handover

Establish DCH channel if the target cell can not support HSDPA

Change the service cell for HS-PDSCH during soft handover

The service should be handed over to the cell which support

HSDPA when the best cell does not support HSDPA and the
original service cell for HSDPA already deleted from active set.
Internal Use
72
Direct Retry for HSDPA

Direct retry from R99 cell to R5 cell

Conditions

UE in cell 1 requests to establish an BE/streaming RAB, or

UE of Cell-FACH state has much BE/streaming data

volume to transfer (Switch channel type from FACH to HS-
DSCH)

Existing cells: support HSDPA, with same coverage area

Advantage: To make full use of HSDPA resource

Direct retry
HSDPA
resource
R5 CELL A
Carrier B
R99
CELL2 R99
CELL 1
Carrier A
Internal Use
73
Service Cell Update Flow
Internal Use
74
Key Parameters

HSDPA handover protecting timer

Configure the T-HSDPA to avoid the influence for the data

service caused by the ping-pong handover. During this period,
the service cell for HSDPA can not be changed.

The value scope ( 0 1024) seconds

Internal Use
75
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode
Internal Use
76
The Purpose of Compressed mode

Purpose

Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under

FDD mode

Cause:

Downlink compressed:
Since one receiver only can work in one frequency, the
UE has to stop working if it is going to measure the signal
from another frequency cell. To ensure the downlink
service unaffected, the remained data should be sent in
the limited time.

Uplink compressed
UE should stop the uplink transmission when the uplink
working frequency is very close to the measured
frequency, for example GSM 1800/1900 is very close to
the UMTS FDD uplink working frequency.
Internal Use
77
Compressed Mode Sketch Map

Compressed mode sketch map

One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements
Internal Use
78
The realization Methods of Compressed mode

Realization Methods

SF/2

Should use the replace scrambling code

Advantage: easy to handle for RNC

Disadvantage: occupied the resource of NodeB, decrease the

utilizing efficiency of OVSF, influenced the coverage and
increased interference caused by the replace scrambling code.

rate matching/puncturing

Decrease the coding redundancy

Advantage: easy to handle for RNC; the SF 4 can be used; no

influence to utilizing efficiency of OVSF

Disadvantage: limited to the property of channel coding;

decreased the coding gain

higher layer scheduling

MAC can restrict TFCS to change the downlink data rate.

Advantage: the interference is lower

Disadvantage: complicated for higher layer, only fit for non-

timing data service
.
Internal Use
79
Questions

What are the differences between soft handover and softer

handover?

What is compressed mode?

Draw out the hard handover signaling flow.

Internal Use
80
Summary

This chapter focus on the basic handovers in WCDMA: soft handover,

softer handover, intra-frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard
handover and inter-system hard handover. It also introduced the
application scenarios for these different handovers

Meanwhile, compressed mode is introduced in this chapter

Internal Use
81
Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm
Internal Use
82
Application scenarios and Trigger Conditions

RRC direct retry

During the initial signaling establishment, the RRC connection is

refused.

RRC redirection

The initial signaling is already established, but the requested

cell refused and RRC direct retry is failed.

RAB direct retry

The signaling is established successfully, but the service

establishment is failed.

Blind handover

Load balanced between inter-frequency cells

RRC direct retry

RAB direct retry

Internal Use
83
RRC Direct Retry (I)

Application scenarios (I)

Same sector covered by different frequencies

cell1
cell2
1
2
3
Internal Use
84
RRC Direct Retry (II)

Application scenarios (II)

The soft handover area

cell1 cell2
1
2
3
UE camping
cell1 first
Internal Use
85
RRC Retry Key Parameters

DRMaxNumber

The maximum allowed retry times for the direct retry module
after the initial failure

CsThreshold.

When the signal quality of a cell is higher than this threshold,

this cell will be included in the direct retry candidate set.

MinSignalRequired

The basic access threshold described in Section 2.2.8,

namely the minimum requirement of the UE form the receiving
CPICH Ec/No density during normal demodulation.

MaxRelatingTime

The maximum time that the RACH measurement report can

continue to be used for the direct retry candidate set.

Internal Use
86
RRC Redirection

Application scenarios

The signaling connection is failed, and RRC retry is also failed.

Inter-freq cell
cell1
1
2
1
GSM cell
1
Internal Use
87
RRC Direct Retry and Direction

The trigger condition should be the signaling permitting failure

if congestion happed, the RRC connection signaling is refused.

Advantages and disadvantages:

RRC direct retry can ensure the time delay.

RRC direction is more flexible, and can select to GSM cell. But
the time delay is longer.
Internal Use
88
RAB Direct Retry

Application scenarios

UTRAN CELL
GSM CELL
1
3
4
Signaling process
1 RAB Assignment (from CN)
2 SRNS relocation (to CN)
3 Handover from UTRAN ( Inform UE
access to GSM system)
4 Handover Complete (GSM message)
2
CN
Internal Use
89
Questions

What is the difference of RRC direct retry and RRC

redirection?

What are the trigger conditions for RRC direct retry and RRC
direction?
Internal Use
90
Summary

This chapter focus on RRC direct retry, RRC redirection, the

application scenarios of RAB direct retry and blind handover.
Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved