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ROCKS IN
ENGINEERING WORKS
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Juan Paulo Monilla
Beverly Jane Ola
Sherwin Perin
Ricky Limpiada
Myrachelle Palomares
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ROCKS
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In geology, rock or stone is a naturally
occurring solid aggregate of minerals
and/or mineralloids
An aggregate of one or more minerals.
Rocks are the building blocks of the
Earth's crust.
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Rocks are divided into three basic
types, igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic , depending upon how
they were formed. Plate tectonics
provides an explanation for how
rocks are recycled from igneous to
sedimentary to metamorphic and
back to igneous again called rock
cycle.
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Igneous rock
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PLUTONIC - Intrusive: VOLCANIC - Extrusive:

ANORTHOSITE
CARBONATITE
DIORITE
DUNITE
GABBRO
GRANITE
KIMBERLITE
LAMPROPHYRES
MONZONITE
PEGMATITE
PERIDOTITE
PYROXENITE
SYENITE
TONOLITE

ANDESITE
BASALT
CARBONATITE
DACITE
OBSIDIAN
PUMICE
RHYOLITE SCORIA
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Igneous Rock Formation
Basically, igneous rocks are formed when molten lava
turns to a solid form. This process by which the molten
rock solidifies is known as crystallization. This lava is
nothing but molten rock, which is referred to as magma
when it lies beneath the Earth's crust. At times, the
magma comes to the surface of the Earth, owing to
some volcanic activity, and solidifies to become a rock
referred to as extrusive igneous rock. In some cases, the
magma seeps in between the layers of sedimentary
rocks beneath the Earth's crust and starts cooling. The
rocks formed by this method are referred to as intrusive
igneous rock.
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Igneous Rock Characteristics
The most common igneous rock characteristics
are the size of the crystal and color of the rock.
These crystals of varying size are interlocked
into each other to give stability to the rock
structure. On the other hand, the color of the
igneous rocks varies from pink to black,
depending on the mineral content of the rock.
These rocks are strong, heat resistant, less
radioactive and found in abundance on the
planet.


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Various Types of Igneous Rocks
Granite: Granite forms deep beneath the Earths crust by
magma cooling, hence it is an intrusive igneous rock. Since it
hardens so deep under the ground, it takes a long time to cool.
This is what allows the four minerals it is comprised of mica,
feldspar, quartz, and generally hornblende to be large enough
to be visible to the naked eye. Since granite can withstand
enormous amounts of pressure, it is a very good material for
buildings and bridges. Also, since it weathers slowly, it is also
widely used to construct monuments.

Basalt: This is fine-grained, dark colored extrusive igneous rock
is the most common type of solidified lava. It is composed mainly
of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar, although the grains of the
minerals are so fine that they are not even visible with a
magnifying glass. Some types of basalt are also the intrusive
type, having been formed within the Earths surface.


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Pumice: This is an extrusive type of igneous rock which
forms by lava cooling quickly. If you examine pumice, you will
notice where the tiny pockets of air had been while it had
solidified. It is such a light rock, that many types of pumice
rocks actually float in water. Pumice too is a kind of a glass,
and hence does not contain a mixture of minerals. Since it is
so light, it is often used as a decorative stone for landscaping.
It is also ground to powder and used as an abrasive element
in soaps and polishing compounds.

Rhyolite: This is closely akin to granite, the only difference
being that the crystals in rhyolite are much finer. In fact, they
are so small that they are not visible to the naked eye. It is an
extrusive igneous rock and forms by cooling far more rapidly
compared to granite, which makes it glassy in appearance.
The minerals that rhyolite contains are mica, feldspar, quartz,
and hornblende.
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Obsidian: This is a natural type of volcanic rock, which is
very shiny, and is produced by lava cooling very quickly. In
fact, the cooling process is so quick that obsidian does not
have any crystals. When obsidian is broken, it breaks with a
conchoidal fracture. When glass is made, silica rocks such as
quartz and sand are heated to melting point and then cooled
very rapidly. Obsidian is created in a similar way naturally.
Usually, obsidian is dark green or black in color, although
almost clear ones can also be found. Obsidian has been used
since ancient times to make spearheads, knives, arrowheads,
and various other cutting tools. These days, doctors use it as
a scalpel while performing extremely delicate operations in
the eyes.

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Types of Igneous Rock Textures
Phaneritic
This texture is borne by most intrusive rocks. It is clearly
visible to the naked eyes. Phaneritic texture comes into being
by a slow crystallization of the rocks deep underground.
Gabbro, diorite and granite are common examples.

Aphanitic
The crystals of this texture is not visible to the eye and not
even hand lens. This texture is typical of extrusive rocks
which form from the rapid cooling process of lava near the
Earth's surface. Examples are basalt, andesite and rhyolite.


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Porphyritic
Porphyritic texture consists of two different mineral types.
They are the phenocrysts (the larger grains) and the matrix
(the finer grains). Rocks with porphyritic are believed to have
undergone two stages of cooling. In the first stage of cooling,
the phenocrysts must have formed at a depth, while, in the
second stage, the matrix must have gotten crystallized near
the surface.

Glassy
Types of igneous rocks which contain a glassy texture, are
the ones which do not contain any mineral grains. It means,
such rocks undergo a cooling which is so rapid that the
minerals have no scope of getting crystallized. This process
usually results when some erupted lava comes in contact with
materials, which are much cooler. Obsidian and pumice are
rocks bearing a glassy texture.


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Pyroclastic
Igneous rocks obtain a pyroclastic texture, when lava is
blasted into the air and comes down in the form of fragmental
materials, volcanic ash, lapilli (a size classification term for
tephra, which is material that falls out of the air during a
volcanic eruption) and volcanic bombs.

Pegmatitic
Rocks with a pegmatitic texture comprise of mineral grains
which grow to become exceptionally large. The texture is
typically found in intrusive rocks. Granite and diorite
pegmatites are examples of this texture.


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Types of Igneous Rocks and
Their Uses
The first kind we would consider would be granite, which is an intrusive
or a plutonic rock. Its high content of silica, potassium, sodium and
quartz makes it usable for architectural construction, ornamental
stone, flooring, paving, facing stones, worktops, gravestones and
monuments. Know more on granite rock facts.
Then comes pumice, another intrusive rock which finds wide
applications as an abrasive material in hand soaps, soaps,
cleansers, and dental products, emery board, etc. It is also used by
industries in concrete, insulation, acoustic tile, stucco and plaster.
Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock which is used in floor
tiles and for aggregate in construction projects. The crushed form of
this rock is extensively used for concrete aggregate, asphalt
pavement aggregate, railroad ballast, filter stone in drain fields and
many other purposes.
A massive plutonic rock known as gabbro is utilized in road metal,
railroad ball
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Andesite is a fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock composed mainly
of plagioclase with other minerals such as hornblende, pyroxene and
biotite. The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.
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Basalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous
rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene. The
specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.
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Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock that
contains a mixture of feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende and
sometimes quartz. The specimen shown above is about
two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Gabbro is a coarse-grained, dark colored, intrusive
igneous rock that contains feldspar, augite and
sometimes olivine. The specimen shown above is about
two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Granite is a coarse-grained, light colored, intrusive
igneous rock that contains mainly quartz and feldspar
minerals. The specimen above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.
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Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very
rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals
do not form. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.
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Pegmatite is a light-colored, extremely coarse-grained intrusive igneous
rock. It forms near the margins of a magma chamber during the final phases
of magma chamber crystallization. It often contains rare minerals that are
not found in other parts of the magma chamber. The specimen shown
above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Peridotite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that is
composed almost entirely of olivine. It may contain small amounts of
amphibole, feldspar, quartz or pyroxene. The specimen shown
above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Pumice is a light-colored vesicular igneous rock. It forms through
very rapid solidification of a melt. The vesicular texture is a result of
gas trapped in the melt at the time of solidification. The specimen
shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Rhyolite is a light-colored, fine-grained, extrusive
igneous rock that typically contains quartz and feldspar
minerals. The specimen shown above is about two
inches (five centimeters) across.
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Scoria is a dark-colored, vesicular, extrusive igneous rock. The vesicles are
a result of trapped gas within the melt at the time of solidification. It often
forms as a frothy crust on the top of a lava flow or as material ejected from a
volcanic vent and solidifying while airborne. The specimen shown above is
about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Tuff is a rock that is composed of materials that were ejected from a
volcano, fell to Earth, and then lithified into a rock. It is usually
composed mainly of volcanic ash and sometimes contains larger
size particles such as cinders. The specimen shown above is about
two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Weathering
All rocks are subject to weathering. Weathering is anything that breaks the
rocks into smaller pieces or sediments. This can happen by the forces of
wind, rain, or moving and freezing water.

Deposition
The sediments that form from these actions are often carried to other places
by the wind, running water and gravity. As these forces lose energy the
sediments settle out of the air or water. As the settling takes place, the rock
fragments are graded by size. The larger, heavier pieces settle out first. The
smallest fragments travel farther and settle out last.

Erosion
The combination of weathering and movement of the resulting sediments is
called erosion.

Lithification
Lithification is the changing of sediments into rock. There are two processes
involved in this change. They are compaction and cementation.
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Chemical sedimentary Rocks
Evaporates

Evaporites form when bodies of water evaporate leaving behind
deposits of one or more chemicals. Those white deposits on your
sinks and faucets are the beginnings of this type of rock.

The Carbonates

The carbonate sedimentary rocks are formed by chemical and
biochemical processes. Limestones and dolostones are included in
this group. They are made up primarily of two minerals, calcite
CaCO3 and dolomite CaMg(CO3)2

Siliceous rocks

The siliceous rocks are dominated by silica SiO2. Silica-secreting
organisms like diatoms and radiolarians are responsible for the
formation of this type of rock.

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Organic sedimentary rocks
Organic sedimentary rocks are composed
of organic matter in the form of plant
fragments. We usually think of this group
of rocks as coal. Lignite is black and has a
crumbly consistency. Bituminous coal can
be dull to shiny and black.
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Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of large
(over two millimeter diameter) angular fragments. The spaces
between the large fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller
particles or a mineral cement which binds the rock together. The
specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.

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Chert is a microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline sedimentary rock
material composed of silicon dioxide (SiO
2
). It occurs as nodules
and concretionary masses and less frequently as a layered deposit.
It breaks with a conchoidal fracture, often producing very sharp
edges. Early people took advantage of how chert breaks and used it
to fashion cutting tools and weapons. The specimen shown above is
about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms mainly from plant
debris. The plant debris usually accumulates in a swamp
environment. Coal is combustible and is often mined for use as a
fuel. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.
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Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock that contains large
(greater then two millimeters in diameter) rounded particles. The
space between the pebbles is generally filled with smaller particles
and/or a chemical cement that binds the rock together. The
specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.
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Iron Ore is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms when iron and
oxygen (and sometimes other substances) combine in solution and
deposit as a sediment. Hematite (shown above) is the most common
sedimentary iron ore mineral. The specimen shown above is about
two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Limestone is a rock that is composed primarily of calcium
carbonate. It can form organically from the accumulation of shell,
coral, algal and fecal debris. It can also form chemically from the
precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or ocean water.
Limestone is used in many ways. Some of the most common are:
production of cement, crushed stone and acid neutralization. The
specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.
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Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the
evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It is also known by the
mineral name "halite". It is rarely found at Earth's surface, except in
areas of very arid climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical
industry or for use as a winter highway treatment. Some halite is
processed for use as a seasoning for food. The specimen shown
above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock made up mainly of sand-
size (1/16 to 2 millimeter diameter) weathering debris. Environments
where large amounts of sand can accumulate include beaches,
deserts, flood plains and deltas. The specimen shown above is
about two inches (five centimeters) across
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Shale is a clastic sedimentary rock that is made up of clay-size (less
then 1/256 millimeter in diameter) weathering debris. It typically
breaks into thin flat pieces. The specimen shown above is about two
inches (five centimeters) across.
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Siltstone is a clastic sedimentary rock that forms from silt-size
(between 1/256 and 1/16 millimeter diameter) weathering debris.
The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.
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Metamorphic Rocks
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Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Marble: This is formed due to the metamorphosis of dolomite
or limestone. Both dolomite and limestone contain calcium
carbonate in large concentrations. Compared to its parent
rock, marble is much harder. This enables it to be polished,
which is why it is such a popular material used in buildings,
such as bathtubs, floor tiling, sink tops, kitchen counter tops,
and so on. Artists also use it as a carving material. Marble is
made up of various sized crystals and also has many
variances in color because of the impurities that are present
during the formation. Hence, marble can be white, gray, black,
red, green, pink, banded and mottled.



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Slate: This metamorphic rock is fine-grained, containing
perfect cleavage, which enables it to be split into fine sheets.
Slate generally contains dark to light brown streaks. Slate is
formed by comparatively low pressures and temperatures,
which is referred to as low-grade metamorphism. Not being
very hard, slate can be engraved quite easily. It has been
used in various ways over the years, for example as grave
markers or headstones. However, one of the problems with
slate is the perfect cleavage it has, which resulted in grave
stones splitting and cracking along the cleavage lines. It is
also commonly used for chalkboards. These days, due to its
cracking and splitting, and its weight, slate is not used much.

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Schist: This is a metamorphic rock that is classified as
medium grade, which means it has been formed by more
pressure and heat compared to slate. This rock is coarse
grained with the individual grains of the minerals that it is
made up of being visible to the naked eye. Most of the original
minerals are transformed into flakes, and since it has
experienced far more pressure, it is usually found crumpled or
folded. Usually, schists are named according to the main
mineral they have been formed from. For example: talc schist,
garnet mica schist, hornblende schist, and bitotite mica schist.




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Gneiss: This metamorphic rock is classified as high
grade, which means that compared to schist it has been
subjected to more pressure and heat. Gneiss is distinctly
banded and is coarser than schist. The banding
comprises of alternating layers, which are made up of
different minerals. One of the most important minerals
that gneiss is made up of is feldspar, along with quartz
and mica. Gneiss can form from the metamorphosis of
sedimentary rock like shale or sandstone, or from
igneous rock like granite. Gneiss is used as a building
stone and for paving.
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Quartzite: When sandstone is metamorphosed
it turns into quartzite, which is far more harder
than its parent rock. It forms when sandstone
comes into contact with magma that is deeply
buried. Quartzite appears quite similar to
sandstone, and the best way to tell the
difference is to break both the rocks. While
sandstone shatters into many grains, quartzite
breaks across the grains.
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Amphibolite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that forms through
recrystallization under conditions of high viscosity and directed
pressure. It is composed primarily of amphibole and plagioclase,
usually with very little quartz. The specimen shown above is about
two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance
and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains
abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. The specimen shown above is
about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Hornfels is a fine-grained nonfoliated metamorphic rock with no
specific composition. It is produced by contact metamorphism.
Hornfels is a rock that was "baked" while near a heat source such as
a magma chamber, sill or dike. The specimen shown above is about
two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the
metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium
carbonate. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.
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Phyllite is a foliate metamorphic rock that is made up mainly of very
fine-grained mica. The surface of phyllite is typically lustrous and
sometimes wrinkled. It is intermediate in grade between slate and
schist. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five
centimeters across).
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Quartzite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced by the
metamorphism of sandstone. It is composed primarily of quartz. The
specimen above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Schist is metamorphic rock with well developed foliation. It often
contains significant amounts of mica which allow the rock to split into
thin pieces. It is a rock of intermediate metamorphic grade between
phyllite and gneiss. The specimen shown above is a "chlorite schist"
because it contains a significant amount of chlorite. It is about two
inches (five centimeters) across.
(Chlorite Schist) (Garnet Schist)
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Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock that is formed through the
metamorphism of shale. It is a low grade metamorphic rock that
splits into thin pieces. The specimen shown above is about two
inches (five centimeters) across.