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By satish
setti
Solutions
 a solution is defined as a homogenous mixture
of two or more substances, whose
composition may be varied with certain
limits.
 A solution containing only two components is
known as binary solution.
 Solvent: the continuous medium of the
solution in which other substance dissolves.
generally it is present in large quantity.
 Solute: the substance present in dispersed
state in a binary solution is known as solute.
 Concentration of a solution is expressed in
several ways.
 1.molarity

 2.normality

 3.molality

 4.molefraction
Molarity

 It is the number of moles of solute present in

one litre of solution.


 It can be denoted as M = n/v



 Where n is no. of moles and v is volume in

litres


 But n=weight of the solute (G) /gram

molecular weight of the solute (GMW)
 M = G/GMW × 1000/ V ( in ml )
Example problem on molarity
 Calculate the molarity of 10.6% w/v Na2Co3
solution.
 10.6 % w/v means 10.6 gms of Na2Co3 are
dissolved in 100 ml of solution.
 Weight of Na2Co3 dissolved =10.6 g

 Volume of the solution =100 ml

 Gram molecular weight of Na2Co3=106 g

 Molarity=?

 Substituting the data in the formula

 M = G/GMW ×1000/ V in ml

 M = 10.6/106 × 1000/ 100 = 1

 Molarity of Na2Co3 = 1 M
Normality
 The number of gram equivalent weights of the
solute present in one litre of the solution is
known as the normality.
 It can be denoted as N= n/V

 Where n is gram equivalent weights of the

solute V litres of solution.
 n =weight of the solute (G)/gram equivalent
weight of the solute
 N= G/GEW×1000/V in ml
Problem on normality

 The specific gravity of 84% w/v pure H2S04 is

1.752.find the normality of the acid solution.
Specific gravity of the acid = 1.752

Wt. of H2So4 present in 1000 ml when purity is

84% is 1000 × 1.752 × 84/100 = 1471.68 g

Gram equivalent weight of H2So4 = 98/2 = 49

g
N = G/GEW × 1000/ V in ml

 = 1471.68/49 × 1000/1000
 = 30.03 N
molality
 The molality of a given solution(m) is defined
as the number of moles of the solute present
per kg. of the solvent.
 m = no. of moles of solute (n)/ no. of kg of
solvent(a)
 n = weight of solute (G)/ gram mol. Wt (GMW)

 m = G/GMW × 1 / a in kg

 m = G/GMW × 1000 / a in g
Problem on molality
 The density of 8.653 % w/v Na2Co3 solution is
1.018 g/ml.what is the molality of the
solution
 8.653% w/v Na2Co3 contains 8.653 g of
Na2Co3 in 100 ml of solution
 Density of solution =1.018 g/ml

 Weight of 1000 ml of solution =

 1000 ×
1.018=1018 g
Weight of the solute in 1000 ml of solution =

 8.653 ×
1000/100=86.53 g
Weight of the solvent in 1018 g of solution =
 Molality of the solution = G/GMW × 1000/a in
g


 Mol. Wt. of Na2Co3 = 106



 m = 86.53/106 × 1000/ 931.47


 = 0.8764 m
   Thank you