Chemistry

SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY

SESSION -IV
Session Opener
Session Objecties
Session Objectives
!" Equivalent mass
#" Normality
$" Molarity
%" Molality
&" Strength of solution
'" Percentage concentration
Equivalent Mass
Equivalent mass
Base
Salt
Acid
Equivalent Mass of Acid
Equivalent mass of acid =
Molecular mass of acid
Number of replacable !Basicity"
+
E#ample$
Equivalent mass of %l and
&
SO
'
%l %l
+
+
& ' '
SO & SO
+
+
( )*+*
Equivalent mass of %l ),+*
(
+
= =
& '
& ( )& ' (,
Equivalent mass of SO '-
&
+ +
= =
Equivalent Mass of Base
Equivalent mass of base =
Molecular mass
Number of replacable O !Acidity"

E#ample$
Equivalent mass of NaO and %a!O"
&
NaO Na O
+
+
&
%a!O" %a &O
++
+
&) (, (
Equivalent mass of NaO '.
(
+ +
= =
&
'. & (, & (
Equivalent mass of %a!O" )/
&
+ +
= =
Equivalent mass of salt
Equivalent mass of salt =
Molecular mass
0otal number of positive or
negative charge
E#ample$
Equivalent mass of Na%l and Mg%l
&
Na%l Na %l
+
+
&) )*+*
Equivalent mass of Na%l *1+*
(
+
= =
&
&'. & )*+*
Equivalent mass of Mg%l '/+*
&
+
= =
&
Mg%l Mg &%l
++
+
%oncentration of solutions
(!) Norm*+ity
Number of equivalents of solute
present in one litre of solution+
Equivalent of solute
N
2olume of solution in litre
=

Mass of solute (...

N
Equivalent mass of solute volume !in ml"
Equivalents
Also N
2!in litre"
=
Equivalents = N # 2 !in litre"
Milli equivalents = N # 2 !in ml"
,-estion
3llustrative e#ample
4ind the normality of
&
SO
'
having
'-g of
&
SO
'
present in *.. ml of
solution+
So+-tion.

Mass of solute (...

N
Equivalent mass volume !in ml"
'- (...
N
-1
*..
&

= &N
Most important point about
equivalents
Equivalent and milliequivalents of
reactants reacts in equal number to
give same number of equivalents or
milliequivalents of products separately+
E#ample$
& ' & ' &
& Equivalents
& Equivalents & Equivalents
& moles ( mole ( mole & mole
&NaO SO Na SO & O + +
,-estion
3llustrative 5roblem
&. ml of .+( N Ba%l
&
is mi#ed 6ith ). ml
of .+& N Al
&
!SO
'
"
)
+ o6 many gram of
BaSO
'
are formed7
& & ' ) ) '
Ba%l Al !SO " Al%l BaSO + +
So+-tion.
&.
.+(
(...

By equivalent method8 no need of balancing the
equation+ Because equivalents of reactants and
products are same+
& & ' ) ) '
Ba%l Al !SO " Al%l BaSO + +
Equivalents of Ba%l
&
=
).
.+&
(...

= & # (.
9)
= , # (.
9)
Equivalents of Al
&
!SO
'
"
)
=
Solution contd:
Since equivalents of Al
&
!SO
'
"
)

is in e#cess8 hence
equivalents of BaSO
'
= equivalents of Ba%l
&
= equivalents of Al%l
)
= & # (.
9)
ence8 mass of BaSO
'
= Equivalents # equivalent mass
)
&))
& (. +&))g
&

= =
I/ 0e 0i++ 1isc-ss this
2rob+em thro-3h mo+e
conce2t4 then 0e h*e
to b*+*nce1 the
e5-*tion"
Molarity
Number of moles of solute present in
one litre of solution+
Moles of solute
M
2olume !in litre"
=
Moles of solute (...
M
Molecular mass volume !in ml"

Moles = Molarity # volume !in litre"

Milli moles = Molarity # volume !in ml"
,-estion
3llustrative e#ample
%alculate the molarity of a solution of
NaO in 6hich .+'.g NaO dissolved
in *.. ml solution+
.+'.
M (...
'. *..
=

So+-tion.
= .+.& M
;elation bet6een normality and
molarity
Mass of solute (...
N
Molecular mass
volume !in ml"
n factor

N = M # n factor
4or %l8 n = (

&
SO
'
8 n = &

)
5O
'
8 n = )
NaO8 n = (
%a!O"
&
8 n = &
4or monovalent compound !n = ("
Normality and molarity is same+
,-estion
3llustrative 5roblem
%alculate molarity of .+, N Al%l
)
solution+
)
Al%l Al )%l
+++
+
So+-tion.
n = )
.+,
M .+&M
)
= =
Molality
Number of moles of solute present in ( <g
!or (... gram" of solvent+ 3t is represented
by m !small letter"+
Moles of solute
m
Mass of solvent
=
Mass of solute (...
m
Molecular mass Mass of solvent !gram"

,-estion
3llustrative 5roblem
%alculate the molality of ( molar solution
of NaO given density of solution is (+.'
gram=ml+
So+-tion.
( molar solution means ( mole of solute present per
litre of solution+
(
m (... ( molal solution+
(...
= =
0herefore8 mass of ( litre solution = (... # (+.'
= (.'. gram
Mass of solute = ( # '. = '.g
0herefore8 mass of solvent (.'. 9 '. = (...g
Strength of solution
Amount of solute present in one litre
solution+
Mass of solute
Strength
2olume of solution !in litre"
=
Strength Molarity Molecular mass =
Strength Normality Equivalent mass =
,-estion
3llustrative 5roblem
%alculate strength of .+.( N of NaO
solution+
So+-tion.
Strength = Normality # equivalent mass
= .+.( # '.
= .+' gram=litre
%oncentration in terms of percentage
Mass of solute
>by mass (..
2olume of solution
=
?
>
6
=
2olume of solute
>by volume (..
2olume of solution
=
2
>
v
=
,-estion
3llustrative 5roblem
%alculate the concentration of ( molal
solution of NaO in terms of percentage
by mass+
So+-tion.
( molal solution means ( mole !or '.g" NaO present
in (...g of solvent+
0otal mass of solution = (... @ '. = (.'.g
0herefore8 (.'.g solution contains '.g NaO
0herefore8 (..g solution contains
'.
(..
(.'.
=
= )+1'> by mass+
C+*ss e6ercise
%lass e#ercise (
.+((* g of pure sodium metal 6as dissolved
in *.. ml distilled 6ater+
0he molarity of the solution 6ould be
!Na = &)"
!a" .+.(. M !b" .+..((* M
!c" .+.&) M !d" .+.', M
Mass of solute (...
M
Molecular mass of solute 2olume in ml
=
.+((*
(... .+.(M
&) *..
= =

ence8 ans6er is !a"

So+-tion.
%lass e#ercise &
0he number of moles of o#ygen in one
litre of air containing &(> o#ygen by
volume8 in standard conditions8 is
!a" .+(1, mole !b" .+&( mole
!c" &+(. mole !d" .+..-) mole
&(> o#ygen by volume means &( ml o#ygen is
present in (.. ml of solution+
(8... ml of solution 6ill contain &(. ml+
Since at S05 &&8'.. ml of gas = ( mole8
&(.
&(. ml of o#ygen .+..-) mole
&&'..
= =
ence8 ans6er is !d"
So+-tion.
%lass e#ercise )
0he vapour density of a gas is ((+&+
0he volume occupied by ((+& g of the
gas at S05 6ill be
!a" ((+& A !b" &&+' A
!c" ( A !d" ''+1 A
Molecular mass = & B 2apour density
= & B ((+& = &&+'
Since &&+' g contains &&+' A of gas at S058
&&+'
B((+&=((+&A of gas
&&+'
11.2g contains
ence8 ans6er is !a"
So+-tion.
%lass e#ercise '
0he number of 6ater molecules in one
litre of 6ater is
!a" (1 !b" (1 B (...
!c" N
A
!d" **+** N
A
4or 6ater d = ( g=ml
Since8 One litre 6ater = (8... g of 6ater
Number of 6ater molecules
(...
AvogadroC s number
(1
=
= **+** N
A
ence8 ans6er is !d"
So+-tion.
%lass e#ercise *
?hich is not affected by temperature7
!a" Normality
!b" Molarity and molality
!c" Molarity
!d" Molality
Molality involves mass of solute and solvent
6hich are not affected by temperature+
So+-tion.
%lass e#ercise ,
%alculate the molality and mole fraction
of the solute in aqueous solution
containing )+. g of urea
!molecular mass = ,." in &*. g of 6ater+
( )
Mass of solute (...
Molality
Molecular mass of solute mass of solvent in gram
=
)
(... .+&
,. &*.
= =

Mole fraction of urea =

Moles of urea ) = ,.
.+..)*-
) &*.
0otal moles
,. (1
= =
+
Mole fraction of water = 1 0.00359 = 0.996
So+-tion.
%lass e#ercise /
%alculate the molarity and normality
of a solution containing .+* g of
NaO dissolved in *.. ml+
( )
Mass of solute (...
Molarity
Molecular mass 2olume in ml
=
.+* (...
.+.&* M
'. *..
= =
( )
Mass of solute (...
Normality N
Equivalent mass 2olume in ml
=
.+*
(... .+.&* N
'.
*..
(
= =

Or for monovalent compound liDe NaO normality

and molarity are same+
So+-tion.
%lass e#ercise 1
%alculate the mol fraction of ethanol
and 6ater in a sample of rectified
spirit 6hich contains -*> of ethanol
by mass+
-*> of ethanol by mass means -* g ethanol
present in (.. g of solution+
ence8 mass of 6ater = (.. 9 -* = * g
Moles of C
2
H
5
OH =
95
46
= 2.07 moles
Moles of 6ater!
&
O"=
*
.+&1mol
(1
=
So+-tion.
Solution
Mole fraction of %
&

*
O =
.+&1
.+11
.+&1 &+./
=
+
Mole fraction of 6ater = ( 9 .+11 = .+(&
%lass e#ercise -
A solution contains &*> of 6ater8
&*> of ethanol and *.> of
acetic acid by mass+
%alculate the mole fraction
of each component+
&*# @ &*# @ *.# = (..
# = (
Mass of 6ater = &* g
Mass of ethanol = &* g
Mass of acetic acid = *. g
Moles of water =
&*
(+)11 moles
(1
=
So+-tion.
Solution
Moles of ethanol =
&*
.+*') moles
',
=
Moles of acetic acid =
*.
=.+1)) moles
,.
Mole fraction of ethanol =
(+)11
.+*.&
&+/,'
=
Mole fraction of acetic acid = ( 9 .+*.) 9.+(-,
= .+).(
%lass e#ercise (.
&. ml of (. N %l are diluted 6ith
distilled 6ater to form one litre of the
solution+ ?hat is the normality of the
diluted solution7

1
!
1
=
2
!
2
&
&. (...
(. N
(... (...
=

2
= 0.2
So+-tion.
Th*n7 yo-