HARYANA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED

PRESENTATION OF
TRAINING PROGRAM ON
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
HELD AT NPTI, NEYVELI
DURING 21.7.2014 T0 25.07.2014


Presented By:

Er Manoj Kumar
SSE, 220 KV S/Stn, Dhurala.



1.
IS: 2705 (Part-I) -
1981
Specification for current transformers
General requirements
2.
IS: 2705 (Part-II) -
1981
- Measuring current
transformers
3.
IS: 2705 (Part-III) -
1981
- Protective current
transformers
4.
IS: 2705 (Part-IV) -
1981
- Protective current
transformers for special purpose
application.
5.
IS: 3156 (Part-I) -
1978
Specification for voltage transformer
- General requirements
6.
IS: 3156 (Part-II) -
1978
- Measuring voltage
transformers
7.
IS: 3156 (Part-III) -
1978
- Protective voltage
transformers

8.
IS: 3156 (Part-
IV) - 1978
- Capacitor voltage
transformers
9.
IEC: 185 -
1987
Current Transformers
10.
IEC: 186 -
1987
Voltage Transformers
11.
IS: 5621 -
1980
Hollow insulators for use in
electrical equipment
12.
IS: 2099 -
1986
Bushings for alternating voltages
above 1000 Volts
13.
IS: 3716 -
1978
Application guide for insulation co-
ordination

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Current Transformers(CTs) are used to step down the currents
for the purpose of measurement, protection and control
Secondary ratings 1 or 5A
For ex. 10,000/5A , 100/1A
Voltage Transformer(VTS): are used to step down the voltage
for the purpose of measurement, protection and control
Secondary ratings 110V,115V
For ex. 400KV/110V, 230KV/115V
Types of Current Transformer
According to Construction: The use of one or the other is determined by the
rated current of the apparatus and the rated burden required.
Bar Type: Suitable for large primary current because it can meet with the
burden and accuracy requirements & at the same time can have high thermal
& dynamic short circuit factors.
Wound type: Suitable for low primary current or where the burden &
accuracy requirements are high.

According to Application Point:
Metering: The specific performance of the CT is to be maintained in the range
normally 5% to 120% of the rated current. The CT cores should be such that it
saturates at its ISF for safeguarding the instruments from getting damaged
under faults.
Protection: The Main requirement is that its cores should not get saturated
below its Accuracy Limiting Factor upto which the primary current should
faithfully transformed to the secondary side, maintain the specified accuracy.
Protection CTs for Special Applications
Types of CTs
Hair Pin Design
Eye Bolt Design
Live tank Design

Live Tank CTs

Dead tank CTs
Hairpin design and Eye Bolt design
1. Dome
2. Nitrogen filling valve
3. Primary terminal
4. Collar
5. Porcelain insulator
6. Primary conductor with
insulation
7. Adaptor cylinder
8. Secondary cores
9. Base
10. Oil drain plug
Hair Pin Design
Hair-Pin
design
RELAY CIRCUIT

SELECTION OF CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
TYPE
Number of Secondaries
Accuracy class of each secondary:
Selection of Accuracy Class for Measuring CT (Table-I)
Selection of Accuracy Class for Protective CT (Table-II)
Rated burden
Accuracy Limiting factor:
Ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary current to the rated primary
current.
Short Time Current rating
Insulation Values
TABLE-I
Recommendations for Selection of Accuracy of Measuring
CT
Sr No. Application Class of Accuracy
1 For Precision testing or as a Std for testing Labs 0.1
2 For Precision Industrial Metering 0.5
3 For Industrial & commercial metering 0.5 or 1
4 For use with Indicating & Graphic Wattmeters 1 or 3
5 For purpose where the ratio is less important 3 or 5
TABLE-II
Particular Application Accuracy class
1. For instantaneous OC relays & trip coils Class 10 P and ALF 5
2. For OC relays with inverse and Definite min Class 10 P
Time-lag characteristics.
3. For IDMT earth fault relays in which phase Class 10 P or 15 P &
In which phase fault stability & accurate time Rated O/P X ALF=150
grading are not required. Provided relay is not set
below 20 % & burden
does not exceed 4 VA
4. For E/F Schemes Class 5 P &
rated O/P X ALF=150
5. For other forms of protection i.e Biased Diff & Class 5 P or 10 P
Distance Relays
Basic Classification Of CTs
Measurement CTs: (Governed by IS 2705-1992 Part II)
Specified in terms of
Accuracy Class
VA Burden
ISF
Typical Illustration: Class 1.0, VA-15, ISF-3
Standard Error Class: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 3 & 5.
The errors are specified between 5-120 % of rated current
and 25-100 % of rated burden connected. Higher errors are
permitted at lower currents.
Protection CTs
Protection CTs for Special Applications
Basic Classification Of CTs
Protection CTs: (Governed by IS 2705-1992 Part III)
Specified in terms of
Accuracy Class
VA rating
Accuracy limiting Factor
Typical Illustration: 5P10, 15 VA
Standard Error Class: 5P, 10P, 15P
ALF: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30
VA Rating: 5, 10, 15, 30
Protection class CT
5P10
Factors for Protection
1. Accuracy Limiting Factor/composite error

For e.g if the class designation is 5P20

20 is the Accuracy limiting factor which signifies that when
20 times the rated primary current is applied the composite
error of 5P( +/- 5%) is maintained.


Typical Class designations are

5P10, 5P20, 10P10, 10P20 etc.,

Knee point voltage: That point on the magnetizing
curve where an increase of 10% in the flux density
(voltage) causes an increase of 50% in the
magnetizing force (current).
RATIO ERROR

(KnIs -Ip)
Ratio error = x 100
Ip
Where,
Kn = Rated transformation ratio
Ip = Primary current
Is = Actual secondary current when Ip is
flowing in the Primary.


PHASE DISPLACEMENT:

Phase displacement is the difference between phases of primary
and secondary current vectors. This is normally expressed in
minutes. Phase displacement is said to be positive when the
secondary current vector leads the primary current vector.
Primary current Exciting Current = Secondary Current
when all the values are referred to either primary or
secondary side. Hence the CT will have poor accuracy
if the exciting current is large. To keep the errors low,
the exciting current should be kept as low as possible.
This can be achieved by:
Keeping the burden low
Keeping the flux density low by providing large cross
section of the core.
Keeping the mean length of core as low as possible. This
is done by suitable design techniques for the primary coil
insulation.


PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS FOR SPECIAL
PURPOSE APPLICATION:

Protective current transformers used in association with
special purpose application such as differential protection
and distance protection schemes are designated as PS
class CTs. For the PS class transformers, current ratio
errors and phase angle errors are not specified, but
instead, the turns ratio error, the minimum knee point
voltage, maximum permissible exciting current and the
maximum secondary winding resistance at 75
o
C are
specified.
There shall not be any turns correction for the PS class
cores and the error in turns ratio shall not exceed +
0.25%.


The following are the various aspects associated with
the fault current through the current transformers:

Large error in ratio and phase angle.
Excessive heating
Development of mechanical forces high enough to
deform the winding and leads.
Generation of transient voltage rises.
Saturation of core may be produced by the excessive symmetrical
fault currents as well as by the lower magnitude of fault currents.
Hence distortion of out put current will occur causing large
errors.
There are three sources of heating in CTs. Viz. magnetic, I
2
R
losses in secondary and primary windings, I
2
R loss in primary
winding under fault conditions will be significant. This cannot be
dissipated so quickly by conduction or convection and hence the
temperature of the winding will rise sharply. If the current
density is so high, it may even cause to melt the winding.
Mechanical forces may deform or displace the
windings. The forces have the greatest value
during the first amplitude. This occurs at a very
short interval after the incidence of short circuit
and thereafter declines rapidly towards its steady
current value. This short duration for the
maximum forces will have an impulsive or hammer
effect.
Reasons of CT Failures
Moisture entry into solid insulation
Wrinkles in aluminium grading
Opening of secondary winding
Opening of tan delta point
High system parameters i.e. voltage & frequency,
switching over voltages, lighting over voltages.
Dielectric failure due to pre-mature ageing
Other dielectric failures due to improper wrapping
of paper, improper flux distribution etc.
Suggested Tests/Checks to Minimize The
Failure of CT
Measurement of Tangent Delta and Capacitance
DGA Monitoring
Furan Analysis
IR Measurement



MAINTENANCE OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER




Typical Arrangement for IR
measurement
TESTING OF CTS
TY
COMMISSIONING TEST
ROUTINE TEST
SPECIAL TEST
















CURRENT TRANSFORMER TESTS:
TYPE TESTS:
The following are the type tests for current transformers as per IS:
2705(Part-1)-1992
Type Test of terminal markings Purpose
Short Time Current Test To Measure current density of wdg
wrt rated short ckt time current
Temp Rise Test To know actual temperature rise in
CT under loading condition
Lightening Impulse Test To know lightening impulse voltage
withstand capacity of insulation.
Switching surge test for CTs To know switching impulse voltage above 245
kV class capacity of insulation
HV power frequency wet To verifiy power freq voltage withstand
voltage test withstand capacity of external
insulation.
Determination of error or other To measure actual current ration, actual
characteristics according to accuracy against rated ratio.
requirement of designation & To measure impedance of secondary ckt
accuracy class


















ROUTINE TESTS:
The following are the type tests for current transformers as per IS:
2705(Part-1)-1992
Routine Test Purpose
Verification of Terminal marking & To ensure correct marking &
Polarity function of CT
Power freq dry withstand test on To verify power freq withstand
primary wdg capacity bet primary wdg &
earth.
Power freq dry withstand test on To verify power freq withstand
secondary wdg capacity bet secondary wdg &
earth.
Over Voltage inter turn test To ensure inter turn insulation
strength.
Partial Discharge test To ensure insulation strength
Current ratio test To measure actual current ratio
against rated ratio.
Accuracy Class To know actual accuracy against
rated.
Burden To measure the impendence of the
secondary circuit.

SPECIAL TESTS

The following special tests may be carried out by mutual
agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
High voltage power frequency wet withstand voltage test on
outdoor current transformer.
Note: If the porcelain casing has already been tested for the above
separately, then the full assembly need not be tested once again.
Commissioning tests
Partial discharge test
Tangent delta measurement

Maintenance schedule for Current Transformer

Work to be
carried out
Period Action required if inspection shows
unsatisfactory condition
Check paint work Yearly Repaint after cleaning the surfaces
to be painted
Check oil level &
observe the colour
of the coil
Quarterly Maintain required level
Check the
I.R.Values of the
windings of the
CTs and compare
with the values at
the time of
commissioning
Half
yearly
If low, obtain advice from
manufacturer
Check tightness of
mounting nuts &
bolts and jumpers
Half
yearly
Tighten loose nuts & bolts
Clean & check
insulator
Half
yearly
If cracks observed on
insulator,obtain advice from
manufacturer
Oil dielectric
strength &
moisture content
Yearly Take oil sample from drain valve
and test for dielectric strength and
moisture content. If the dielectric
strength is lower, moisture content
is high as compared to the values as
per relevant standards the oil
should be filtered

Limit values for CT
Sl TEST DATA PERMISSIBLE LIMITS REMARKS
1 Insulation Resistance Value
a) Primary Sec. Cores/Earth 1000 M (Min.) By 5/10.0 kV Megger
b) Sec. Cores Cores/Earth 50 M(Min.) By 0.5 Kv Megger
c) Control Cables 50 M(Min.) By 0.5 Kv Megger
2 a) Tan Delta Value 0.007(Max.)
b) Rate of rise in tan delta 0.001 per year(Max.)
3 Terminal Connector contact
resistance
10 per connector
4 CT ratio errors
a) Protection cores 3 % IS 2705
b) Secondary cores 1% IS 2705
AIS Substation

(Circuit breakers)
CT
(Bus bar)
(Line switches)
CVT
(Line Bay)
RMK Existing range
3 CT design
Hair-Pin ITT - IT 245 to 420 kV
Eye-Bolt IT 245 kV
Top-Core KT 72 to 145 kV

Design CT Type Voltage Range
Eye Bolt Design
IT 72.5-245
1. Dome
2. Collar
3. Top casting
4. Insulator
5. Active part
6. Bottom casting
7. Tank
8. Support frame
9. Secondary cores
10. Pressure relief valve
11. Primary terminal
IT range
Primary conductor (1,2 or 4 turns)
Eye Bolt Design
Active part manufacturing
Primary steel pipe
Paper insulation
Secondary cores
IT range
Eye Bolt Design
Active part manufacturing
IT range
Oven
Eye Bolt Design
Vacuum treatment
Target :
Remove all the water
trapped in the paper (and in
other materials) during
insulation process

Duration :
Up to 3 weeks
High vacuum (0.01 mm Hg)
High Temperature (105 C)
Active
part
IT range
Upper Tank
Nitrogen filling
Eye Bolt Design
Assembly
Bottom Tank
Secondary terminal box
Oil filling
Active part
Porcelain insulator
IT range
Eye Bolt Design
Assembly
Summary of Technical data :
Rated voltage : 123 to 245 kV
Technolgy : Eye-Bolt
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Primary reconnection : 1-2
Rated primary current : 1200 Amp (1440 max)
Short circuit current : 40 kA 1

Total weight (kg)
kV 72.5 145 245
kg 700 750 1200
IT range
Existing range
Hair-Pin design
Tuyau
ITT 245
IT 400
ITT range
Existing range
Hair-Pin design
ITT range
Summary of Technical data :
Rated voltage : 245 to 420 kV
Technolgy : Hair-Pin
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Primary reconnection : 1-2
Rated primary current : 3000 Amp (3000 max)
Short circuit current : - 40 kA 1 (245 kV)
- 60 kA 1 (420 kV)
Total weight (kg)
kV 245 420
kg 1400 2300
Existing range
Top Core design
KT 36
..
KT 245
1. Dome
2. Oil level indicator
3. Primary terminals
5. Upper tank
6. Upper flange
7. Insulator
8. Active part
9. Base
10.Multibushing
11.Pressure relief valve
KT range
Existing range
Top Core design
KT range
Summary of Technical data :
Rated voltage : 72.5 to 245 kV
Technolgy : Top-core
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Primary reconnection : 1-2
Rated primary current : 2000 Amp (2400 max)
Short circuit current : - 40 kA 1 (145 kV)
- 50 kA 1 (245 kV)
Total weight (kg)
kV 72.5 145 245
kg 250 500 850
Factors for Protection
Parameters

1. ALF ( accuracy limiting factor)


2. Composite error


OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
Factors for Protection
1. Accuracy Limiting Factor

What is Accuracy Limiting factor ?

It is the factor of over current above the rated current which
determines the capability of CT to maintain the error at such
a condition.

2. Composite error

It is the error of the CT when this over current is applied.

Composite error :
Under steady-state conditions, the r.m.s. value of the difference
between:
a) the instantaneous values of the primary current, and
b) the instantaneous values of the actual secondary current
multiplied by the rated transformation ratio
CEI 600 44-1

T
0
2
p s n
p
c
dt . i I K
T
1
I
100
Current Transformers Protection accuracy
classes
K
n
is the rated transformation ratio;
I
p
is the r.m.s. value of the primary current;
i
p
is the instantaneous value or the primary current;
i
s
is the instantaneous value of the secondary current;
T is the duration of one cycle.
Current Transformers
Saturation curve
10 20 30 40
Induction
B [T]
Primary current
Ip/In
Protection CT
18500 gauss
Metering CT
8000 gauss
Factors for Protection
1. Knee Point Voltage(Vk):

Knee point voltage is point beyond which an
application of 10% of voltage increases the exciting
current by 50%.

The typical equations for Vk ( based on relay used)

Vk > 24 I
n
(R
c t
+2R
L
)- for Transformer Differential

Where I
n
: Relay rated current
R
L
= Total lead Resistance
R
c t
= CT secondary resistance

Typical Burden Calculation 400kV Current
Transformer Metering core

The max burdens of all the meters/load = 5 VA (approx) considering
analog meters and max lead length for 400kV switchyard = 1000 meters

The control cable size is 2.5 sq.mm. Always 2 runs of cable are used.
Resistance of 2.5sq.mm cable is 8.5 ohms per kilometre for 2 runs of
cable it is 4.25 Ohms

Therefore the burden of the lead length is = 2* isec
2
* r * 1kM

= 2 *1*1* 4.25
= 8.5 VA
The optimum total burden = 5 + 8.5 = 13.5VA

Therefore realistic burden required is 15 or 20 VA


MAXIMUM BURDEN BE IMPOSED ON THE CURRENT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION CORE ( 5 P/10 P CLASS ) - FOR
220KV & 132KV SUBSTATIONS

Burden of numerical relay recommended = 2.5 VA
( inclusive of lead length ). The maximum lead length for 220/132kv
switchyard = 500 meters

The control cable size is 2.5 sq.mm. Always 2 runs of cable are used.
Resistance of 2.5sq.mm cable is 8.5 ohms per kilometre for 2 runs of cable
it is 4.25 Ohms

Therefore the burden of the lead length is = 2* isec
2
* r * 500/1000
= 2 *1*1* 4.25*0.5
= 4.25 VA
The optimum total burden = 2.5 +4.25 = 7 VA

Therefore realistic burden required for class 5p cores is 15 VA

NOTE: FOR 400KV CT's ONLY CLASS PS CORES ARE USED. HENCE THIS CALCULATION IS OMITTED FOR 400KV
CTs.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
PTs are used to reduce the system voltage to level low enough to
suit the rating of protective relays & measuring instruments.

Types of Construction:
Electromagnetic type
Conveniently used up to 132 KV.
Capacitor Type
Economical above 132 KV
Residual Voltage T/F
ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE VT
Works on the same principle as the Power T/F.
Load to be flow is quite limited depending upon purposes.
As voltage decreases, the accuracy of electromagnetic type PTs
decreases but is acceptable down to 1 % of nominal voltage.
At higher voltages, electromagnetic type PTs becomes very expensive
& hence it is common practice to use a Capacitor Voltage Divider.
Capacitor Type Voltage Transformer
The size of electromagnetic voltage transformers for the higher
voltages is largely proportional to the rated voltage; the cost tends to
increase at a disproportionate rate. The capacitor voltage
transformer (CVT) is often more economic.
High voltage capacitors are enclosed in a porcelain housing.
The transient performance of a Capacitor type PT is inferior as
compare to electromagnetic type.

Special Auxilliary Circuit elements are:
Compensating Inductance coil: in series with the primary of the
intermediate T/F compensates the voltage increase on CV divider.
Damping impedance: Avoids ferro-resonance in secondary ckt.
Resistor & Spark Gap: Provides necessary protection against
overvoltages.


CVT Construction Details
CVT Secondary Voltage
CVT Secondary Voltage v = k * V * C1/ C1+C2)
V Primary Voltage
k Secondary Transformation ratio
Note:
Puncturing of C1 Secondary Voltage will
increase
Puncturing of C2 Secondary Voltage will
decrease
Secondary Voltage measurement
Periodic measurement to be carried out. In case
of doubt, simultaneous measurement to be
carried out with another feeder/ Bus CVT.
For 400kV CVTs puncturing of one Capacitor
element in C1 side is likely to increase Secondary
Voltage by about 0.35 0.45% (0.22 0.28V)
Failure of one Capacitor element in C2 side is
likely to decrease Secondary Voltage by 5 6%
(3.2 3.8V)
Secondary Voltage measurement
Norms
Sr.
No.
Drift in Sec.
Voltage
Condition of CVT Measurement
Frequency
1 Upto 0.5 Volts Healthy Six monthly
2 0.5 to 0.8 Volts Needs monitoring Three monthly
3 +0.8 to +1.2 Volts Needs close
monitoring
4 +1.2 to +2.0 Volts Needs close
monitoring
15 days
5 Above +2.0 volts Alarming/ critical Needs replacement
6 -0.8 to -4.0 volts Needs close
monitoring
15 days
7 Less than -4.0 volts Alarming Needs replacement
METERING VTs
Goverened by IS 3156 PartII-1992
Class % Ratio Error Phase Angle error Reference Conditions
0.1 0.1 5 Voltage 80-120 %

Burden 25-100 %

P F 0.8 Lag

Frequency - Rated
0.2 0.2

10

0.5 0.5

20

1.0 1.0

40

3.0 3.0

Not Specified
PROTECTION VTs
Goverened by IS 3156 Part III-1992
Class % Ratio Error Phase Angle error Reference Conditions
3P 3 % 120 BURDEN 25-100%

PF 0.8 LAG

FREQUENCY- RATED
6P 6 % 240

RESIDUAL VTs
Class % Ratio Error Phase Angle error Reference Conditions
5 PR 5 % 200 BURDEN 25-100%

PF 0.8 LAG

FREQUENCY- RATED
10 PR 10 % ------
Capacitance and Tan delta
measurement of stacks
Change in Capacitance value above 6%,
CVT need to be replaced
Tan delta values more than 0.003 from pre-
commissioning value needs replacement
RMK - CVT
Capacitor stack
Inductive VT
CCV 72.5 to 765 kV
Capacitor elements
Capacitor column
Insulating oil
Insulator flange
Secondary terminal box
Inductance
MV Transformer
Oil expansion device
Damping circuit
RMK - CVT
P
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Diagram
P
GROUND
GS HF
HV Terminal
C1
C2
N
4
a

4
n

11
12
14
1
a

1
n

11
12
14
2
a

2
n

11
12
14
3
a

3
n

11
12
14
MCB
S S S S
GS MV
D
L
HF DC
C
RMK CVT - Manufacturing process
Capacitor packs are made of
- Aluminium foils
- Oil-impregnated paper and film
RMK CVT - Manufacturing process
Capacitor packs are
stacked together and
mounted in a porcelain
insulator
CVT - STACK
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Ferroresonance
L
1

L
2

Z
N
2

N
1

I
th

C
2

C
1

SG
C

C
Secondary Short Circuit
L
R
2

R
1

D
Ferroresonance
Damping device
on inductive PT
L'
1

L'
2

R
L

SG
L

Ferroresonance
Damping device
on inductance
"Transformer type"
compensating
inductance
CHOICE OF CONNECTIONS OF 3
PHASE PTs
V-Connection: Two single-phasing T/Fs are connected in V both on
Primary & Secondary sides. As there is no neutral on primary
winding, the zero sequence voltage cannot be obtained.
This connection is generally used for three phase 3 wire meters

Star-Star Connection: Most common connections used in metering &
relaying schemes. Typical limb voltage rating 11KV/3/110V/3.

Star Broken Delta Connections: Residual Connections.
The connection is used when zero sequence voltage is required for
earth fault relaying scheme.
Capacitor Voltage Transformers
Routine tests (IEC 60044-5)
Routine tests
The following tests apply to each individual transformer:
a) Verification of terminal markings
b) Power-frequency withstand tests on primary windings
c) Partial discharge measurement
d) Power-frequency withstand tests on secondary windings
e) Power-frequency withstand tests between sections
f) Determination of errors.
G) Ferroresonance test
h) Sealing test
Capacitor Voltage Transformers
Type tests (IEC 60044-5)
a) Temperature-rise test
b) Short-circuit withstand capability test
c) Lightning impulse test
d) Switching impulse test
e) Wet test for outdoor type transformers
f) Determination of errors.
Limit values of CVT
Sl TEST DATA PERMISSIBLE
LIMITS
REMARKS
1 Insulation Resistance Value
a) Primary Sec. Cores/Earth 1000 M (Min.) By 5/10.0 kV
Megger
b) Sec. Cores Cores/Earth 50 M(Min.) By 0.5 Kv Megger
c) Control Cables 50 M(Min.) By 0.5 Kv Megger
2 Tan Delta Value 0.007(Max.)
3 Contact Resistance of terminal
connector
10 per
connector

4 CVT Voltage Ratio Errors
a) Protection cores 5 % IEEE/C93.1.1990
b) Metering cores 0.5 % IEC 186
5 Drift in secondary voltage 2.0 volts
replacement
Maintenance schedule for Potential Transformer

Work to be
carried out
Periodicity Action required if inspection
shows unsatisfactory condition
Check oil level &
observe the
colour of the coil
Quarterly Maintain required level
To check the
earth results of
the base for the
CVTs
Quarterly Maintain required values
Check tightness
of mounting nuts
& bolts and
jumpers
Half yearly Tighten loose nuts & bolts
Clean the
insulators and
check paint work
Half yearly Disconnect the VT from the
supply, inspect & clean HV
insulators
Oil dielectric
strength &
moisture content
Yearly Take oil sample from drain valve
and test for dielectric strength and
moisture content. If the dielectric
strength is lower, moisture content
is high as compared to the values
as per relevant standards the oil
should be filtered

MAXIMUM BURDEN IMPOSED ON THE CAPACITOR
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER METERING WINDING IN A
400KV SUBSTATION


The max burdens of all the meters/load = 28 VA (approx) when analog
meters are considered and max lead length for 400kv switchyard =
1000 meters

The control cable size is 2.5 sq.mm. Always 2 runs of cable are used.
Resistance of 2.5sq.mm cable is 8.5 ohms per kilometre for 2 runs of
cable it is 4.25 Ohms


Therefore the burden of the lead length is = 2* isec
2
* r * 1km
= 2 * (28/63.5
)2*
4.25*1
= 1.70 VA
The optimum total burden = 28 +1.7 = 29.7 VA
Therefore realistic burden required is 50 VA