CHAPTER - 6

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Eelectromagnetic Induction
The phenomenon of producing of an
e.m.f in a conductor as a result of
change in magnetic flux linked with the
conductor is called electromagnetic
induction
Induced e.m.f
An e.m.f produced in a conductor as a
result of electromagnetic induction is
called induced e.m.f
What happens when the poles of
a torch cell is connected to the
terminals of a galvanometer?
When a torch cell is connected to the
terminals of a galvanometer, its needle
shows deflection in one direction only.
Test your knowledge..
1. What is electromagnetic induction?
2. What is Induced emf?
3. What is Induced current?
4. What is a solenoid?
5. What is the nature of deflection when
a torch cell is connected to a
galvanometer?
AC Generator..
An electric generator is a device that can
produce electricity on the basis of
electromagnetic induction. Here,
electricity is produced as a result of the
continuous motion of either solenoid or
magnet.
Parts of an AC Generetor
Armature
Field Magnet
Slip Rings
Brushes
Armature
It is an arrangement of insulated
copper wire wound on a soft iron core
Field Magnet
This is the magnet which produce
magnetic flex in a generator. The
direction of flux lines is from north to
south.
Slip Rings
These are full rings connected to the
ends of the armature coil. They rotate
about the same axis as that of the
armature.
Brushes
This is an arrangement that is
connected to the slip rings. Current
flows to the external circuit through
these brushes.
AC Generator
Amount of induced emf formed at different stages in the armature
Time 0 T/4 T/2 3/4T T
Angle
Turned
0
90
0
180
0
270
0
36
0
0
Rate of
Change of
Flux
0 Maxi
mum
0 Maximum in
the opposite
direction
0
Induced
emf in volt
0 Maxi
mum
(V
max)
0 Maximum in
the opposite
direction
(-V max)
0
Graph showing the rotation of the armature
Try to answer
1. What are the stages at which the
electric current in the armature
becomes zero? Why?

Ans : During stages 1,3 & 5
Try to answer
2.In stages 1, 3 & 5, no electric current is
flowing through the armature. Why?
During these stages, the surface of the
armature is perpendicular to the flux
lines. So it does not cut the flux lines
mUch. So there is no induced emf
produced in the armature.
Try to answer
3. In stages 2 & 4, why do we get
the maximum current?
In these stages, the surface of the
armature is parallel to the flex
lines. So these cut the maximum
number of flex lines at this stage.
So we get maximum current.
Try to answer
4. In stages 2 & 4, why is the direction of
flow of current opposite?
During both stages, the direction of
movement of the armature is in
opposite directions. In these two
stages, the armature cut the flex lines in
opposite direction. So the direction of
emf is also in opposite directions.

Try to answer
5. How does the direction of current changes
while the armature completes one rotation?
In the first half, the induced emf begins from
zero and reaches its maximum value, when the
angle of rotation is 90
0
When the angle of rotation of the armature
becomes 180
0
, the value of emf decreases and
reaches zero.
In the second half, the direction of induced
emf changes.
When the angle of rotation of the armature
becomes 270
0
, the emf become its maximum
negative value.

COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTRIC CURRENT
PRODUCED IN THE SOLENOID DURING
EXPERIMENT AND THAT PRODUCED IN AN AC
GENERATOR..
Try to answer
1, What is the similarity between
them?
Both produce AC
Try to answer
2, What is the difference between
them?
AC Generator produces a continuous
electricity. But the coil and magnet
produce only a temporary
electricity.
Try to answer
3. Take an old dynamo, open it and
observe its structure. Examine how AC
is produced in it.
The cycle dynamo is a simplest form of an
AC generator. When the tyre rotates,
the armature inside it also rotates and
as a result, the flux lines associated
with the magnet changes. This will
produce an emf in the circuit.
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)
The electric current that changes its
direction at regular intervals is
called Alternating Current or AC
Situations, where AC is not Applicable
1. Electroplating
2. Electrolysis
3. Production of metals
4. Anodizing
5. To work radios and tape recorders
6. For charging a storage cell
7. Calculators
8. Purification of metals
9. Charging Storage Cells
10. In Mobile phones.
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
The electric current which flows
only in one direction is called
Direct Current (DC)
DC GENERATOR
DC Generator
A DC Generator
has the
following parts
Armature
Field magnet
Split Ring
Brushes
Similarities & Differences


Similarities
Field magnet,Armature and
Brushes are common in both AC &
DC Generators
Differences
In AC generator, slip rings are
present but in Dc generators, split
rings are present

AC GENERATOR
The armature rotates between the poles of a field
magnet
When armature rotates, the full rings become in
contact with the brushes
Full rings (slip rings) rub with the brushes to
establish contact with the external circuit
Each slip ring always rotates touching the same
brush
The current produced in the armature coil always
changes its direction
DC GENERATOR
Armature rotate between the poles of field
magnet
Split rings always come in contact with brushes
Split rings rub with the brush to establish
connection with external circuit
For each half rotation, the contact between the
split rings and the brushes changes
Current flows in the same direction
DC GENERATOR
The arrangement of split rings and
brushes make the flow of current in the
same direction
The current produced in the armature
coil always changes its direction

Moving Coil Microphone


These are devices that
create electrical fluctuations
corresponding to the sound
waves falling on them
Observe the figure and answer the
following questions


Where is the voice coil placed?
When a sound is produced in front
of the diaphragm, what happens
to the voice coil attached to it?
What is the effect produced when
the voice coil vibrates in the
magnetic field?

Observe the figure and answer the
following questions


What happens to the induced
current produced in the coil when
the amplitude of the sound wave
increases?
White the energy conversion takes
place in a moving coil
microphones
Answers..
1. The voice coil is placed between the
poles of the field magnet.
2. When the sound wave strikes the
diaphragm, and make it vibrate, the
voice coil attached to it is also forced
to vibrate in the magnetic field.
Answers..
3. As the conductors in the voice coil cut
the lines of flux, electric current is
induced in the coil. The induced
current will be fluctuating in
accordance with the wave form of the
sound falling on the diaphragm
4. The amplitude of the electric signal
also increases
Answers..
3. Sound energy is converted in to
electrical energy.
Mutual Induction
Activity..
Wind insulated copper wire at one
end of a soft iron core
Connect its ends to a torch cell
through a switch
At the other end of the soft iron core,
wind another copper wire


Mutual Induction
Activity..
Wind insulated copper wire at one end of
a soft iron core
Connect its ends to a torch cell through a
switch
At the other end of the soft iron core,
wind another copper wire and connect its
ends to a galvanometer


Try to answer
Switch on the circuit. What do you
observe? Note down
Now switch it off. What do you observe?
How was an electric current formed in the
coil connected to the galvanometer?
Discuss this in relation to the flux change.

Answers..
The galvanometer needle shows
deflection.
The galvanometer again shows a
momentary deflection, but in opposite
side


Answers..
When we switch on the coil A, it will
become an electromagnet.
It will produce a magnetic field around
the coil B
The effect is same as pushing a magnet
in to coil B
It will produce an induced current in coil
B
Answers..
When the current in the coil A become
steady, the magnetic field also become
steady
So the current in the coil B stops
When current in the coil A is switched off,
its magnetic field in the coil B stops
quickly

Answers..
This has same effect as that of a magnet
is pulling out of the coil B quickly
So an induced current will be produced in
the coil B in opposite direction
Thus, current in the coil B is produced by
changing magnetic field in it, when
current in coil A is switched on and
switched off
Answers..
We can conclude that whenever the
current in coil A is changing ) starting or
stopping), an electric current is induced in
the nearby coil B.
Here, coil A, which causes induction is
called PRIMARY COIL
Coil B, in which current is induced is
called SECONDARY COIL
Answers..
A current is induced here, even though
there is no movement in the coil relative
to one another.
This phenomenon is called MUTUAL
INDUCTION
Activity..
Repeat the experiment connecting a 6V
AC supply instead of DC in the primary
coil and a 6V bulb instead of the
galvanometer in secondary coil. Take care
that the number of turns of the coils are
almost same.
Answer these..
Switch on the circuit. What do you
observe? Note it down
Bulb glows continuously
Why does the bulb glow continuously
when AC passes through the primary coil?
Record your answer in the science diary
There is a change in current in the
primary coil due to the supply of AC
Answers..
So an induced e.m.f is formed in the
secondary coil
When there is a change in strength of
current in any of the adjascent coils,
there will also be a change in the
magnetic field
This will produce an induced e.m.f. in the
secondary coil. So it is mutual induction
Answers..
A current is induced here, even though
there is no movement in the coil relative
to one another.
This phenomenon is called MUTUAL
INDUCTION
Again..
Repeat the experiment with the soft iron
core and two coils of wire, by doubling
the number of turns of the secondary
and then reducing it to half. When did the
bulb glow more brightly? And less
brightly? Record your observations. From
this, what inference did you arrive at?
Answers..
When the number of turns in the
secondary coil was doubled, the bulb
glows more brightly
When the number of turns in the
secondary coil are made half, the bulb
glows less.
Conclusion..
The intensity of e.m.f produced by mutual
induction in a coil depends upon : the
number of turns in the primary and
secondary coils.
Transformer..
These are devices working on the basis of
mutual induction
Electrical energy can be transferred from
one circuit to another by electro magnetic
induction
This is the working principle of a
transformer
Types of transformers
There are 2 types of transformers..
Step - up Transformer
Step - down Transformers
Activity..
Observe the figures carefully and record
the structural differences between a Step-
up Transformer and a Step-down
Transformer
Transformers..
Step up Transformer Step down Transformer
Step up Transformer Step down Transformer
Comparatively thicker wire in
the primary
Comparatively thinner wire in
the primary
Comparatively thinner wire in
the secondary
Comparatively thicker wire in the
secondary
Less number of turns in the
primary
Number of turns in the primary is
high
Number of turns in the
secondary is high
Low number of turns in the
secondary
Intensity of current will be
more in primary
Intensity of current will be more
in secondary coil
A Comparison..
The voltages in Primary and Secondary are
Directly proportional to the respective number
of turns in them
Mathematically, V
S
/ V
P
= N
s
/ N
P

Vs Voltage in the Secondary
Vp - Voltage in the Primary
Ns Number of turns in Secondary
Np Number of turns in Primary
Fill up the table using the relation:
VS / VP = Ns / NP
Primary Coil Secondary
Coil
Np Vp Ns Vs
4000 240 200 -----
----- 12 3000 24
500 ------ 2000 1000
2200 220 ------ 400
Fill up the table using the relation:
VS / VP = Ns / NP
Primary Coil Secondary
Coil
Np Vp Ns Vs
4000 240 200 12
1500 12 3000 24
500 250 2000 1000
2200 220 4000 400
A step down transformer is to be
constructed to obtain an output voltage of
60V by applying an input voltage of 110V.
If the primary coil has 6600 turns,
calculate the number of turns of the
secondary.
Try this
Relation between volltage and
current in the primary and
secondary coils
Let Ip be the current in the primary
Is be the current in the secondary
Power in the primary = Vp X Ip
Power in the secondary = Vs X Is
If there is no energy loss, we get
Vp X Ip = Vs X Is
i.e, Vs / Vp = Is / Ip
Self Induction
Activity..
Using a very long insulated copper wire,
connect a 6V bulb to the secondary of a
transformer with output 6V, 0.5 A.
Observe the light from the bulb. Modify
this copper wire to a solenoid.
Answer these..
What change is observed in the intensity
of light?
Ans : intensity Decreases
Is there any change in the resistance,
when a conducting wire is modified to a
solenoid?
Ans : Resistance is unchanged. (length,
area of cross section are same)
Answer these..
Why did the intensity of light decrease?
When AC is passed, magnetic flux linked
with the solenoid changes
An emf is developed
It is in opposite direction of the applied
emf
Resultant emf in the circuit decreases
Answer these..
Give a practical definition for self
Induction
The phenomenon of inducing an emf in a
coil caused by the variation of magnetic
flux produced by a varying current in the
same circuit.