Submitted to,

George Mathew Sir

Submitted by,
Reshma R Nair
Physical Science
KUCTE, Kunnam.


INTRODUCTION
An electric light is a device that produces light by the
flow of electric current. It is the most common form
of artificial lighting and is essential to modern society,
providing interior lighting for buildings and exterior light
for evening and nighttime activities. Most electric lighting
is powered by centrally generated electric power, but
lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby
electric generators or battery systems. Battery-powered
lights, usually called "flashlights" or "torches", are used
for portability and as backups when the main lights fail.
The two main families of electric light are incandescent
lamps, which produce light by a filament heated white-
hot by electric current, and gas-discharge lamps, which
produce light by an electric arc through a gas.






Types of electric lighting include:

incandescent light bulbs
arc lamps
gas-discharge lamps,
lasers
light-emitting diodes
sulfur lamps
INCANDESCENT LAMP
The modern incandescent light bulb, with a coiled filament of
tungsten, was commercialized in the 1920s developed from the
carbon filament lamp introduced in about 1880. As well as bulbs for
normal illumination, there is a very wide range, including low voltage,
low-power types often used as components in equipment, but now
largely displaced by LEDs.
The metal used for making the filament of a bulb is Tungsten which is
a pure metal with high resistivity.

FLUORESCENT LAMP
Fluorescent lamps have much higher efficiency than filament lamps. For the
same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-
third the power of an incandescent.
Fluorescents were mostly limited to linear and a round Circline lamp until the
1980s, with other shapes never gaining much popularity. The compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL) was commercialized in the early 1980s.
Typical average lifetime ratings for linear fluorescent tubes are 10,000 and
20,000 hours, compared to 750 hours (110 V) and 1000 hours (240 V) for
filament lamps.
Some types of fluorescent lamp ballast have difficulty starting lamps in very
cold conditions, so lights used outdoors in cold climates need to be designed
for outdoor use to work reliably.
Fluorescents come in a range of different color temperatures. In some
countries cool white (CW) is most popular, while in some, warmer whites
predominate.


LED LAMPS
Solid state LEDs have been popular as indicator lights since the
1970s. Due to the relatively high cost per watt, LED lighting is most useful at
very low powers, typically for lamp assemblies of under 10 W..Colored LEDs
can also be used for accent lighting, such as for glass objects, and even in
fake ice cubes for drinks at parties. They are also being increasingly used as
holiday lighting.

LED efficiencies vary over a very wide range. Some have lower
efficiency than filament lamps, and some significantly higher. LED
performance in this respect is prone to being misinterpreted, as the inherent
directionality of LEDs gives them a much higher light intensity in one direction
per given total light output.

DISCHARGE LAMP

A discharge lamp has a glass or silica envelope containing two
metal electrodes separated by a gas. Gases used
include, neon, argon, xenon, sodium, metal halide, and mercury.
The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp,
but the term 'arc lamp' is normally used to refer to carbon arc lamps, with
more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called discharge lamps.
Some lamp types contain a little neon, which permits striking at normal
running voltage, with no external ignition circuitry. Low pressure sodium
lamps operate this way.
IMAGES OF ELECTRIC LIGHTS