SOFT SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTERS

WITH MPPT FOR SOLAR HOME LIGHTING

SYSTEM

NAME OF THE PROJECTEE
D.Shankar
MT10PED019.

NAME OF PROJECT GUIDE
Dr. P.S.KULKARNI
ELECTRICAL ENGG.DEPT. , VNIT.


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WHY SOLAR ENERGY?
Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy.
It is free.
It is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of
energy because it is non-polluting.

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OUTLINE
Aims and Objectives.
Motivation.
Introduction.
Modeling Of PV Module.
Soft-switching DC-DC Converter.
Maximum Power Point Tracking.
PV Systems With MPPT.
Perturb and Observe (P & O) MPPT Algorithm.
Conclusions.
Future work.
References.
Publications.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To achieve maximum Efficiency from the DC-DC converter by
using soft switching techniques.
Study the effect of radiation and temperature on the solar module out
put.
To track maximum available power from the solar PV Module.
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MOTIVATION
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar mission of MNRE.

Keeping in view power losses in India everyone is keen to adopt it.

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INTRODUCTION
A MPPT system has been consisting of a soft switching DC-DC converter,
irrespective of the temperature and irradiation conditions and of the load
electrical characteristics.
It overcomes the problem of mismatch between the solar arrays and the
given load.
The conventional DC-DC converter decreases the efficiency because of
hard switching, which generates losses when the switches are turned on/off.
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PROPOSED SYSTEM









A DC-DC converter (step up/step down), serves the purpose of transferring
maximum power from the PV module to the load and acts as an interface
between the load and the module.

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MODELING OF PV MODULE
A PV module consists of a number of solar cells connected in series
and parallel to obtain the desired voltage and current output levels.
Each solar cell is basically a p-n diode.




The basic equation that describes the current output of PV module
of the single diode model is given by

(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= 1 exp
c
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s P ph p
AKT
I R
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I R
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V
q
I N I N I
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BOOST, BUCK CONVERTER & PV MODULE PARAMETERS
Maximum Power(P
o,
max
)
74W
p
(option
al)
Switching frequency(
f
s
)
20 kHz
PV Module Voltage
(V
i
)
15-17.5V
Output Voltage (V
o
) 25V
Main Inductor( L) 280H
Resonant Inductor(
L
r
)
150H
Input Filter Inductor
(L
f
)
50H
Output Capacitor(C
o
) 1000F
Resonant
Capacitor(C
r
)
20nF
Table I. Boost Converter
Parameters
Open circuit voltage(V
oc
) 22.42V
Short circuit current(I
sc
) 4.2A
Maximum voltage(V
mpp
) 18.83V
Maximum current(I
mpp
) 3.93A
Maximum power at
STC(P
max
)
74W
P

Maximum system
voltage
600V
Table II. PV Module
Parameters
Maximum Power(P
o,
max
)
74W
p
(option
al)
Switching frequency(
f
s
)
16kHz
PV Module Voltage
(V
i
)
15-17.5V
Output Voltage (V
o
) 14V
Resonant
Capacitor(C
r
)
2.98H
Resonant Inductor(
L
r
)
16.96H
Output Inductor (L
o
) 160H
Output Capacitor(C
o
) 300F
Table III. Buck Converter
Parameters
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SOLAR CELLS CHARACTERISTICS
The solar cell has nonlinear V I and PV characteristics, which depend on
the irradiance, the operating temperature and load condition of the cell.
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0 5 10 15 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
Voltage(V)
C
u
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(
A
)

1000 W/m
2
800 W/m
2
600 W/m
2
400 W/m
2
200 W/m
2
At 25
o
C Temperature
0 5 10 15 20
0
20
40
60
80
Voltage(V)
P
o
w
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(
W
)

1000 W/m
2
800 W/m
2
600 W/m
2
400 W/m
2
200 W/m
2
At 25
o
C Temperature
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
1
2
3
4
5
Voltage (V)
C
u
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n
t

(
A
)

10
o
C
20
o
C
25
o
C
30
o
C
40
o
C
At 1000 W/m
2
Radiation
0 5 10 15 20
0
20
40
60
80
Voltage (V)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

20
o
C
25
o
C
30
o
C
40
o
C
45
o
C
AT Standard Radiation 1000 W/m
2
AT 25
O
C Temperature and variable radiation

At 1000 W/m
2
radiation and different temperature

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5
10
15
Voltage (V)
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(
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)
Series &Parallel Connection of Solar Panel


Series Connection
Parallel Connection
At Standard condition
0 20 40 60
0
50
100
150
200
250
Voltage (V)
P
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(
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)
Series & Parallel Connection (P-V Char)


Series Connection
Parrallel Connection
At Standard Condition
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
10
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30
40
50
60
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Voltage (V)
C
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(
A
)
*
1
5
P
o
w
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r

(
W
)

P-V Curve
V-I Curve
1000 W/m
2
700 W/m
2
300 W/m
2
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Under partial shading conditions
SOFT-SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER
The dcdc converter for a PV system has to control the variation of the
maximum power point of the solar cell output.
The analysis, design and modelling processes of hard-switched converters
are mature, where the switching frequency was limited to a few 10s of
kHz.

Why Soft-switching?
Reduce switching losses especially at high switching frequencies.
Increase the power density, since the size and weight of the magnetic
components is decreased by increasing the operating frequency.
Reduce the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).


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BASIC CONCEPTS ON HARD-SWITCHING
Hard-switching








The process of power semiconductor device hard-switching

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THE CONCEPT OF SOFT-SWITCHING
Soft-switching










The process of power semiconductor device soft-switching

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TWO TYPES OF SOFT-SWITCHING
Is to shape the voltage or the current waveform by creating a resonant
condition to:
Force the voltage across the switching device to drop to zero before turning
it ON Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS)



(a) Turn ON (b) Turn OFF
Force the current through the switching device to drop to zero before
turning it OFF Zero-Current Switching (ZCS)

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SOFT-SWITCHING BOOST CONVERTER






Values of resonant inductor and resonant capacitor are calculated by
|
.
|

\
|
[
+ A
|
.
|

\
|

[
<
min max min
2 2
I i T D V TV D L
L fw o r
o o
r
r
r
V
T D I
V
L I
L
T D
C
2
min min
2 2
2
min
2
2 2
min
8 . 0 4 04 . 0
[

[
+
[
=
16
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THEORETICAL WAVEFORMS

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SIMULATION RESULT FOR BOOST CONVERTER
9.5 9.55 9.6 9.65 9.7 9.75 9.8 9.85 9.9 9.95 10
x 10
-3
2
2.2
2.4
Time (sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

9.5 9.55 9.6 9.65 9.7 9.75 9.8 9.85 9.9 9.95 10
x 10
-3
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

Gate Pulse
Main Inductor Current
Fig.1 Represent Waveform of Main Inductor Current and gate pulse.
Fig.2. Voltage across resonant capacitor and resonant inductor current

9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10
x 10
-3
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)


9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10
x 10
-3
0
1
2
3
Time (sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Resonant Inductor Current


Resonant Inductor Current
Resonant Capacitor Voltage
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9.6 9.65 9.7 9.75 9.8 9.85 9.9 9.95 10
x 10
-3
0
10
20
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

Voltage across diode
Fig.3. Voltage and current waveform across main switch.

Fig.4. Voltage across diode.

9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10
x 10
-3
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(

V
)

9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10
x 10
-3
0
1
2
3
Time (sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

Voltage across the Main Switch
Current through Main Switch
Soft switching occurrence
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SOFT-SWITCHING BUCK CONVERTER

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THEORETICAL WAVEFORMS
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m

SIMULATION RESULT FOR BUCK CONVERTER
7.5 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.6
x 10
-3
0
1
2
Time(Sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)

7.5 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.6
x 10
-3
0
1
2
Time(Sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)

Main Switch
Auxillary Switch
5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.5
x 10
-3
0
5
10
15
Time(Sec)
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.5
x 10
-3
0
20
40
Time(Sec)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Fig.1. Waveforms of the trigger signal Vg and the control signal Vga .
Fig.2 Resonant capacitor voltage and resonant inductor current.

Constant current to charge the battery
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

24
S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

7.5 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.6
x 10
-3
10
20
30
40
Time(Sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
7.5 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.6
x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
Time(Sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
7.5 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.6
x 10
-3
-10
0
10
Time(Sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)


7.5 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.6
x 10
-3
0
10
20
Time(Sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Current of the Auxillary Switch
Fig.3 Voltage and current waveforms of the auxiliary switch

Fig.4 Freewheeling diode voltage and current

Soft switching occurrence
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

25
S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
26
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

27
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

THEORETICAL WAVEFORMS
28
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

SIMULATION RESULT FOR BUCK CONVERTER
9.5 9.55 9.6
x 10
-3
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Main Switch
9.5 9.55 9.6
x 10
-3
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Auxillary Switch
Fig.1 Gate pulse for buck-boost converter

2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

29
S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

9.5 9.55 9.6
x 10
-3
0
20
40
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Capacitor Voltage (Vc2)


9.5 9.55 9.6
x 10
-3
-15
-10
-5
0
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Output Voltage


35.5V
14V
9.5 9.55 9.6
x 10
-3
0
5
Time (sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Inductor Current (Ilr)


9.5 9.55 9.6
x 10
-3
0
10
20
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Capacitor Voltage (Vc1)


4.5A
20.8V
Fig.2 Resonant capacitor voltage and resonant inductor current.

Fig.3 Capacitor voltage and the output voltage of the converter.

2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

30
S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

PV ARRAY CURRENT-VOLTAGE CURVES & POWER-VOLTAGE
CURVES










Mismatch between resistive load and PV Source; currentvoltage curves & power
voltage curves


31
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

WHAT IS A MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER?
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT):
Technique used in power electronics systems to obtain the maximum
possible energy from PV arrays.
Its use is desired to compensate for the effect of temperature, variations
in solar radiation, and load condition in a PV system.

32
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT) METHODS
These are the some widely used MPPT algorithms can be broadly
classified as:
1) Perturbation and Observation (P&O) Method
(a) Conventional P&O Method
(b) Incremental Conductance Method
2) Linearity-based Methods:
(a) Short-circuit current method
(b) Open Circuit Voltage Method
3) Ripple Correlation Control Method

33
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

Begin P&O algorithm
Measure V
o
(K),I
o
(K)
P
o
(K)=V
o
(K)*I
o
(K)
P
o
= P
o
(K)- P
o
(K-1)
P
o
>0
D (K)- D(K-1)>0

D (K)- D(K-1)<0

Update History
P
o
(K-1)=P
o
(K)
Decrease
duty cycle
Decrease
duty cycle
Increase
duty cycle
Increase
duty cycle
Perturb and
Observe MPPT
Algorithm
34
NO YES
NO NO
YES
YES
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

CONTD..
Implemented through a DC/DC converter
LOGIC
1. Change duty cycle
2. Observe consequences on power output
3. Decide direction of next change in duty cycle


35
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

BUCK CONVERTER PARAMETERS
The design procedure of the battery charger with ZCS buck
converter for a 12-V 48-Ah lead acid battery is summarized as
follows.
The normalized switching frequency f
ns
= 0.7 was set based on the
normalized voltage gain M=V
o
/V
s
= 14/17 =0.8.
= 14/6 = 2.33 .
The characteristic impedance is determined by substituting
R
o
= 2.33 and Q = 1 into
The necessary resonant frequency is derived from f
r
=f
s
/f
ns
= 16 kHz/0.7
= 22.25 kHz.
From above eq..
W
o
/Z
0
=1/L
r
C
r
=1/W
o
Z
0
L
o
=100L
r

C
o
=100C
r






36
O
O
O
I
V
R =
( ) LrCr
W
O
1
=
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

MPPT LIMITATION
The maximum power transfer occurs when the source impedance
equal to load impedance. i.e.
The input impedance is given by
The converter output voltage & current is given by

The relation between & is given by


Similarly for buck converter is given by, the converter output
voltage & current is given by


The relation between & is given by


in
in
in
I
V
R =
D
V
V
S
O

=
1
) 1 ( D I I
S O
=
( ) ( )
LOAD
O
O
S
S
in
R D
I
V
D
I
V
R
2 2
1 1 = = =
LOAD
in
R
R
D =1
in
R
load
R
37
D V V
S O
=
D
I
I
S
O
=
in
R
load
R
LOAD
O
O
S
S
in
R
D I
V
D I
V
R
2 2
1 1
= = =
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

MATLAB/SIMULATION RESULTS
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

38
S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

PV MODULE POWER, VOLTAGE, AND CURRENT
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time(Sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
,

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
,

a
n
d

P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
Step size = 0.005


Measured Power(W)
MeasuredVoltage(V)
Measured Current(A)
Calculated MPP Voltage = 18.93V
With MPPT
With out MPPT
Calculated MPP Current = 3.93A
Calculated MPP Power =74W
1000 W/m
2
& 25
o
C
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

39
S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

PV MODULE POWER, AND DUTY CYCLE VARIATION(WITH
STEP CHANGES IN RADIATION)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time(sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
,

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
,

a
n
d

P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
For Step Change In Solar Radiation


Power(W)
Voltage(V)
Current(A)
400 W/m
2
300 W/m
2
1000 W/m
2
25
o
C Temperature
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

40
S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

OUTPUT POWER & DUTY RATIO
41
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
0
50
100
Time (Sec)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
PV Module Power(W)


0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
0
50
100
Time (Sec)
%

D
u
t
y

R
a
t
i
o
% Duty Ratio


% Duty Ratio, Step size = 0.005
Power, Step size = 0.005
0.2 0.201 0.202 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.206 0.207 0.208 0.209
66
68
70
72
74


0.2 0.201 0.202 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.206 0.207 0.208 0.209
70
75
80
85


2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

Hardware Development of BUCK-BOOST
Converter
42
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

PV PANEL AND BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER PARAMETERS
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

43
S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

Switching frequency f
S
100kHz
PV Module Voltage V
i
16-20V
Output Voltage V
o
14V/26V
Resonant Capacitor C
1
800pF
Resonant Inductor L
r
5H
MOSFET S1,S2 IRF540
Diodes D0,D1,D2 MUR8100
Current sensor WCS2705
Voltage sensor R1,R2 33K,10K
Microcontroller AT mega 328
Capacitors C1,C2 800pF

Converter specifications
and implementation details

Open circuit voltage(V
oc
) 22.42V
Short circuit current(I
sc
) 4.2A
Maximum voltage(V
mpp
) 18.83V
Maximum current(I
mpp
) 3.93A
Maximum power at
STC(P
max
)
74W
P

Maximum system voltage 600V
PV Module Parameters
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HARDWARE DESIGN
44
PV Module
Voltage & Current
sensor
DC-DC
Converter
Battery / Load
2
1
-
J
u
n
-
1
3

S
o
f
t

S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

D
C
-
D
c

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

w
i
t
h

M
P
P
T

f
o
r

s
o
l
a
r

h
o
m
e

l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

s
y
t
e
m

COMPONENTS FOR HARD WARE DESIGNING
45
PV Panel &
Batteries
74Wp Panel
from VNIT,
Nagpur.
12V Battery.
DC-DC
Converter
IRF540.
MUR8100
Diode.
Inductor (1mH
& 5uH)&
Capacitor
(800pF).
Sensor &
Microcontroller
Current sensor
(WCS2720).
Voltage sensor
(33k &10k
Ohms).
ATMEGA 328.

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BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER WITH MPPT
Buck-Boost
Converter
ATMEGA 328
Microcontroll
er
GATE Driver (MIC4425)
L
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Current Sensing
Voltage Sensing
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CURRENT SENSOR
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The WCS2720 consists of a precise, low-temperature
drift linear hall sensor IC with temperature
compensation circuit and a current path with 0.4 m
typical internal conductor resistance.
This extremely low resistance can effectively reduce
power loss, operating temperature and increase
the reliability greatly.
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VOLTAGE SENSOR
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Vin (0~18V)
Voltage
Sensor
Vout (0~5V)
To measure the voltage of the panel and realize a
feedback for the uC, is necessary to monitor this
voltages.

A small capacitor in the output of the voltage
sensor to use it like a filter for the fluctuations in the
power line sensed. (To Reduce losses in the sensor
choose high value resistance R
1
=33k ohm.)


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MOSFET GATE DRIVER CIRCUIT
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COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION
50
SN74LS07
Convert TTL
Voltage Levels
to MOS Levels
High Sink-
Current
Capability
6N137
Very high speed
10 MBit/s
Double working
voltage-480V
Logic gate
output
MIC4425
Dual output
(inverted)
Peak output
current 3A
Operating
voltage 5V - 18V
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ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER (TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION)
Microcontroller ATmega328.
Operating Voltage 5V.
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V.
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V.
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output).
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50mA.
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot
loader.
SRAM 2 KB.
EEPROM 1 KB.
Clock Speed 16 MHz.
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SOLAR PV OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
Fig.1 Solar PV voltage and current.

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GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION AT VNIT NAGPUR
Fig.2 Instantaneous global solar radiation at VNIT Nagpur 21 May 2012
Fig.3 Instantaneous global radiation during cloudy conditions.

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PWM SIGNAL FROM ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER
Fig.4 Waveforms of the gate pulses for main and auxiliary switch for
buck - boost converter.

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Fig. 6 The waveforms of the resonant capacitor voltage V
C2
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Fig. 5 The waveforms of the resonant capacitor voltage V
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Instantaneous global solar radiation at VNIT Nagpur
On 21 May 2012 during sunny day.

Global radiation during cloudy conditions.
EFFICIENCY OF THE BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
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CONCLUSIONS

In this project, we proposed a soft-switching DC-DC converter with MPPT.
All of the switching devices in this converter achieved ZCS and ZVS by
the resonant inductor and capacitor at turn/off.
Therefore, the switching losses were reduced 5-10%.
This project has analysed the operational principles of the adopted
converter and applied them to the P&O algorithm, which is a kind of MPPT
method.
Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the theoretical
analysis.
It is concluded that soft-switching buck-boost converter can be applied to a
stand-alone and a grid-connected system using a PV power conditioning
system.


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FUTURE WORK
Future work is aimed at carrying out the following studies.
Improvement in P & O maximum power point tracking algorithm
(MPPT).
Design and development of solar home lighting system using higher
order soft switching DC-DC converter.

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Books
[B-1] Chetan Singh Solanki, Solar Photovoltaics fundamentals, techonolgies
and application, PHI learning private Ltd, 2012.
[B-2] A.K. Mukerjee, Nivedita Takur, Photovoltaic Systems- Analysis and
Design, PHI learning private Ltd,2011.
[B-3] Muhammad H.Rashid, Power Electronics Hand Book, Academic
Press,2001.
Websites
[W-1] Resources from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Annual Report 2013,
http://mnre.gov.in/
[W-2] Resources from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Annual Report 2009,
http://mnre.gov.in/
Papers
[1] J. A. Gow and C. D. Manning, Development of a photovoltaic array model for
use in power-electronics simulation studies, IEE Proc. Elect. Power Appl., vol.
146, no. 2, pp. 193200, 1999.
[2] J. A. Gow and C. D. Manning, Development of a model for photovoltaic arrays
suitable for use in simulation studies of solar energy conversion systems, in Proc.
6
th
Int. Conf. Power Electron. Variable Speed Drives,1996, pp. 6974


.

REFERENCES
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CONTD..
[3] Subiyanto, Azah Mohamed and MA Hannan, Development of an
Efficient Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller, IEEE
International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, pp.1189-1194, 2011.
[4] V. Di Dio , D. La Cascia, R. Miceli .A Mathematical Model to Determine
the Electrical Energy Production in Photovoltaic Fields Under Mismatch Effect,
2009 IEEE, pp 46-51.
[5] Sang-Hoon Park, Gil-Ro Cha, Yong-Chae Jung, and Chung-Yuen Won,
Senior Member, IEEE, Design and Application for PV Generation System
Using a Soft-Switching Boost Converter With SARC, IEEE Transactions On
Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 2, February 2010.
[6] Ying-Chun Chuang, High-Efficiency ZCS Buck Converter for
Rechargeable Batteries, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 57, no. 7, pp.2463-
2472, July 2010.
[7] B.P. Divakar K.W.E. Cheng D. Sutanto, Zero-voltage and zero-current
switching buck-boost converter with low voltage and current stresses IET
Power Electron., 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 297304 9th December 2007
[8] Weidong Xiao, Nathan Ozog, and William G.Dunford, Topology Study of
Photovoltaic Interface for Maximum Power Point Tracking IEEE Transactions
on industrial electronics, vol. 54, no. 3,pp.196-1704, June 2007.

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PAPER PUBLICATION
[1] D.Shankar, A.S.Werulkar and P.S.Kulkarni, Simulation of Soft
Switching Boost Converter with MPPT for Solar Home Lighting
System, all India seminar on clean energy and energy conservation,
pp.100-106, Oct 2012.
[2] D.Shankar and P.S.Kulkarni, Soft Switching Buck Converter for
Battery Charging with MPPT, on International Journal of
ChemTech Research, pp.947-956, March 2013.
[3] A.S.Werulkar, D.Shankar and P.S.Kulkarni, A Soft Switching
Boost Converter With Simulation Of Maximum Power Point
Tracking For Solar Home Lighting System on International Journal
of ChemTech Research, pp.935-946, March 2013.
[4] D.Shankar and P.S.Kulkarni, Development of a Microcontroller-
Based, Soft Switching Buck-Boost Converter with MPPT, on IEEE
PES Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 30 May 2013
(communicated).

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THANK YOU..!!
D.Shankar

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