RF Hopping Workshop

1 Nokia Siemens Networks RF hopping workshop / 19.01.2009.
RF Hopping Workshop (Nokia)

Table of content
Introduction
Functionality
Reuse and load calculations
Planning and planning cases
Parameters
Measurements
Feature interworking
BTS configurations
Activating RF hopping

Introduction
Network capacity
Frequency hopping basics and hopping gain
Power control and DTX

CAPACITY GAIN
Effective Network Planning
Channel-Bandwidth
Spectrum
Cell Size
Reuse-Factor (C/I)
Dual-Band-/
Dual-Mode-
Networks
PC
DTX
Smart Antennas
Hopping
Half-Rate
Networks
Antenna
arrangement
Micro cell
Pico cell / Indoor
Network Capacity
Frequency
Time
F
1
F
2
F
3
Call is transmitted through several frequencies in order to
minimize the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
average the interference (interference diversity)
What is Frequency Hopping?
Frequency hopping can be briefly defined as a sequential change of
carrier frequency on the radio link between the mobile and the base
station.
Signal
Level
Distance
MS Location
F
3
F
2
F
1
Bursts sent on frequency F2 are degraded or lost, but the initial signal may
still be reconstructed from the bursts on frequencies F1 and F3.
Frequency diversity
Fast fading
Compensates the frequency selective fast fading
Mobile station
Base station
Frequency diversity
Coherence Bandwidth Performance Dependency
Coherence bandwidth represents a
bandwidth that is required between two
frequencies in order to ensure that
their fading characteristics are different
enough to provide properly
uncorrelated amplitudes and phases.
The coherence bandwidth depends
strongly on the mean delay spread of
the environment.
The delay spread is defined as the
standard deviation of the mean delay
time.
The measurements indicate that the
delay spread is highly dependent on
the environment.

In open and indoor environments:
Short Delay Spread
High Coherence Bandwidth
More frequency spacing required

Type of environment Delay spread A, s
Open area < 0.2
Suburban area 0.5
Urban area 3
Frequency diversity
Channel separation
The autocorrelation coefficient has been plotted for several
different values of delay spread.
The urban environment even the adjacent channel having
separation of 200 kHz appears to be adequately uncorrelated
In the suburban environment the channel separation of 400 kHz is
adequate.
In open environment the channel separation should be at least 800
kHz corresponding to four GSM carriers.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
5
0
0
frequency spacing (kHz)
a
u
t
o
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
0.2
0.5
1
2
3
delay
spread (s)
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of hopping frequencies
G
a
i
n

[
d
B
]

Cyclic, TU3
Random, TU3
Cyclic, TU50
Random, TU50
Frequency Diversity Gain
Relation to # of frequencies

A higher mobile speed alone provides a better performance against fast fading ->
frequency diversity gain decreases -> the total gain remains the same
Coverage Improvement (%)
0
5
10
15
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of Frequencies (FH)
Frequency Diversity Gain
Coverage area improvement
Hopping over 8 frequencies provides over 3 dB improvement
BCCH timeslot in BB FH and BCCH TRX in RF FH doesnt hop -> an
increased coverage area is limited by the coverage area of the non-
hopping BCCH time slot or BCCH TRX

According to the simulations, the SDCCH channel gets a smaller
frequency diversity gain than TCH channel
=> Call setups , SMSs affected

0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
C/I
F
E
R
SACCH NH
SACCH RH4
SACCH RH8
TCH NH
TCH RH4
TCH RH8
Different Channel Coding
Different Interleaving
Different Hopping Gains

Frequency Hopping Gains
TCH & SACCH
Interference diversity
In a conventional non-hopping network, each call is transmitted on a single fixed
frequency, so the interference situation in a network is also quite stable.
Some calls may experience very little interference and the other calls may be interfered
severely.
In random hopping network, the interference sources vary from burst to burst, thus
the interference tends to get averaged over all the calls in the network.
The interference affecting each call in the network has a lower standard deviation around
its mean value.
The probability of several consecutive corrupted bursts and erased frames decreases,
because the severely interfered bursts occur randomly.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Load
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
2 f requencies
3 f requencies
4 f requencies
8 f requencies
12 f requencies
Poly. (2 f requencies)
Interference Diversity Gain
Simulated Results
Field strenght
Serving carrier
average
weakest
interference
average
strongest
interference
interference
margin
worst
interference
FH with tighter
frequency
reuse
FH with
improved
quality
no FH
C/I
C
I
New
margin
Reuse 15
Converting Quality to Capacity

In reality, the gain of PC with high mobile speed can be even lower
GAIN:
PC on 1.4 dB
DTX on 2.3 dB
PC on, DTX on 3.7 dB
GAIN:
PC on 1.0 dB
DTX on 2.3 dB
PC on, DTX on 3.5 dB
Reuse 3/9, TU 3km/h Reuse 3/9, TU 50km/h
C/I improvement
Effect of Power Control and DTX
Downlink simulation
Power Control and DTX give an additional capacity gain with
random FH.
Well documented in IEEE VTC2000 Comparison of Networks
with different frequency reuses, DTX and Power Control using
the effective Frequency Load Approach

FH functionality
Hopping management
Hopping parameters

MSC
PSTN
BB-FH
F
1
(+ BCCH)
F
2
F
3
Dig. RF
TRX-3
TRX-1
RF-FH
F
1
, F
2
,

F
3
Dig. RF
TRX-1
TRX-2
BSC
TCSM
BCCH
Frequency
Time
F
1
F
2
F
3
MS does not see
any difference
BB-FH is feasible with large configurations
RF-FH is viable with all configurations
FH Implementation
BCCH 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
RTSL-0 RTSL-2 RTSL-1 RTSL-4 RTSL-3 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
f1
f2
f3
f4
BCCH timeslot, does not hop.
5
5
5
5
Timeslot 0 of TRXs 2-4 hop over MA(f2,f3,f4).
This hopping group uses HSN-1
All timeslots 1-7 hop over MA(f1,f2,f3,f4).
BB Hopping Management

BCCH 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f1
BCCH TRX does not hop.
5
5
5
5
MAIOs are different
for different TRXs
within the same
hopping group
-> no collisions.
MA1 = {f2, f3, f4,..}
HSN-1
RF Hopping Management

FH functionality
Cell Allocation (CA)
It is a list of all the frequencies allocated to a cell. The CA is transmitted
regularly on the BCCH and usually it is also included in the signaling
messages
Mobile Allocation (MA)
The MA is a list of hopping frequencies transmitted to a mobile every time it is
assigned to a hopping physical channel. The MA-list is a subset of the CA list.
The MA-list is automatically generated if the baseband hopping is used.
If the network utilizes the RF hopping, the MA-lists have to be generated for
each cell by the network planner.
The MA-list is able to point to 64 of the frequencies defined in the CA list.
However, the BCCH frequency is also included in the CA list, so the practical
maximum number of frequencies in the MA-list is 63.
The frequencies in the MA-list are required to be in increasing order because
of the type of signaling used to transfer the MA-list.
FH functionality
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN)
It indicates which hopping sequence of the 64 available is selected.
The hopping sequence determines the order in which the frequencies in the MA-list are to
be used.
The HSN 0 is reserved for a sequential sequence used in the cyclic hopping.
The HSNs 1 - 63 are pseudo random sequences used in the random hopping
The HSN is a cell specific parameter.
For the baseband hopping two HSNs exists. The TSL0s in a BB hopping cell use the
HSN1 and the rest of the time slots follow the HSN2
All the time slots in RF hopping cell follow the HSN1

BCCH 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f1
f2
f3
f4
5
5
5
5
BCCH 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f1
f2
f3
f4
5
5
5
5
BCCH 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f1
5
5
5
5
MAIOs are different
for different TRXs
within the same
hopping group
-> no collisions.
MAIOs are different
for different TRXs
within the same
hopping group
-> no collisions.
MA1 = {f2, f3, f4,..}
HSN-1
HSN-1
FH functionality
Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO)
When there is more than one TRX in the BTS using the same MA-list the MAIO
is used to ensure that each TRX uses always an unique frequency.
Each hopping TRX is allocated to different MAIO.
MAIO and HSN are transmitted to a mobile together with the MA-list.
In Nokia solution the MAIOoffset is a cell specific parameter defining the
MAIOTRX for the first hopping TRX in a cell. The MAIOs for the other hopping
TRXs are automatically allocated according to the MAIOstep parameter
MAIO is added to MAI when the frequency to be used is determined from the
MA-list.
MAIOstep
It is a Nokia specific parameter used in the MAIO allocation to the TRXs.
The MAIO for the first hopping TRXs in each cell is defined by the cell specific
MAIOoffset parameter. MAIOs for the other hopping TRXs are assigned by
adding the MAIOstep to the MAIO of the previous hopping TRX
MAIO assignment
MAIO TRX:

Example:
) 1 (
) (
+ = n MAIO MAIO MAIO
step offset n TRX
DOCUMENTTYPE
TypeUnitOrDepartmentHere
TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere
Sector TRX # HSN MAIO stepMAIOoffsetl MAIO
1 1 Non-hopping BCCH TRX
2 7 2 0 0
3 2
4 4
2 7 2 6 6
3 8
4 10
2 7 2 12 12
3 14
4 16
MAIO step indicates the
difference between the MAIOs of
successive TRXs in a cell.
+MAIO step
FH Sequence Generation with MAIO
Mobile Allocation Index (MAI)
The hopping sequence algorithm takes HSN and TDMA frame number (FN) as
an input and the output of the hopping sequence generation is a Mobile
Allocation Index (MAI) which is a number ranging from 0 to the number of
frequencies in the MA-list subtracted by one.

DOCUMENTTYPE
GSM Hopping algorithm
MAI
(0...N-1)
=
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
N
f
N-1
MA
0 1 2 3 N-1 N-2 MA INDEX
(MAI)
TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3
FN & HSN
MAIO
TRX
TRX-1 0
TRX-2 1
TRX-3 2
For this TDMA frame the output from the algorithm is 1
1
1
+ MAIO
TRX
Reuse and load calculations

Effective reuse
Frequency Allocation Reuse
Frequency load
Effective reuse
Since the frequency band is always limited, the frequencies have to be
reused in the network.
As the reuse distance becomes smaller, there are more frequencies
available for each cell, so more capacity can be provided.
The effective reuse is essentially the same as the conventional frequency
reuse distance.

where:
Reff = effective reuse
NfreqsTOT = total number of used frequencies
NTRXave = average number of TRXs in a cell

The smaller the effective reuse, the higher the capacity in terms of the
number of TCHs provided by one frequency in the network.
R
N
N
eff
freqsTOT
TRXave
=
Frequency Allocation Reuse
RF Hopping only
Frequency allocation reuse indicates how closely the frequencies are
actually reused in a network.

where:
FAR = frequency allocation reuse
NfreqsTOT = total number of used frequencies
Nfreqs/MA = average number of frequencies in MA-lists

It indicates the severity of a worst case C/I in the cell border.
If the network doesnt utilize fractional loading, the frequency allocation
reuse is the same as the effective reuse.
FAR
N
N
freqsTOT
freqs MA
=
/
Frequency Allocation Reuse = Total # of
frequencies / # of frequencies in MA list
Effective Reuse = Total # of frequencies/ Number
of TRXs per cell
Effective Reuse = Frequency Allocation Reuse
Total # of freqs = 30
4 TRXs / cell
10 frequencies / cell
3
2
1
1
1
2 2
3 3
1/3
FAR = 30/10 = 3
Eff.reuse = 30/4 =7.5
Example:
Reuse in RF hopping networks
Frequency load
The C/I is low when frequency collisions occur.
In order to guarantee an adequate quality, the collision probability has to be made low.
The collision probability depends on the load of the hopping frequencies called a
frequency load.
The frequency load describes the probability that a frequency channel is used for
transmission at one cell at one time.
The frequency load is a product of two other loads:
hard blocking load (the average busy hour TCH occupancy in most of the cases)
fractional load

where:
L
freq
= frequency load
L
HW
= the busy hour average hard blocking load
L
frac
= fractional load
L L L
freq HW frac
=
L
T
N
HW
hopTCH
hopTCH
=
Hard blocking load
The hard blocking load is calculated as

where:
L
HW
= hard blocking load
T
hopTCH
= average number of used TCHs in the busy hour
N
hopTCH
= total number of TCHs in the hopping TRXs


BCCH
SDCCH SDCCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f1
f2,f3,f4
f3,f4,f2
f4,f2,f3
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
Active
slots
Empty
slots
75 % 25 %
Load on the BCCH
TRX
not considered,
since
the BCCH
frequencies
are planned
separately
Hard blocking load

Hard blocking load = 18 / 24 = 0.75
Fractional load
Fractional load means that the cell has been allocated more frequencies
than TRXs. This is only possible for RF hopping TRXs.
The fractional load is very useful when the number of TRXs is low. By
utilizing fractional load, it is possible to provide enough frequencies to hop
over (to get FH gain) to even a cell with just one hopping TRX.

where:
L
frac
= fractional load
N
TRX
= number of TRXs in a cell
N
freqs/cell
= number of frequencies allocated to a cell (MA-list length)

L
N
N
frac
TRX
freqs cell
=
/
DOCUMENTTYPE
BCCH TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f1
f2, f3, f4, f5, f6
f2, f3, f4, f5, f6
f2, f3, f4, f5, f6
Active slots
Empty slots
Frac. load = 3/5 = 0.6
Fractional load
5 frequencies on 3 TRXs
Frequency Load
HW and fractional load
BCCH 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
0 1 2 3 7 6 4
TRX-1
TRX-2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f1
f2, f3, f4, f5, f6
f3, f4, f5, f6, f2
f4, f5, f6, f2, f3
5
5
5
5
Active slots
Empty slots
HW load is 75%
Fractional load FL is
3 TRX / 5 F = 0.6 = 60%
Frequency load is
HWL * FL = 45%
75 % 25 %
(E)GPRS is on the
BCCH layer in this
case
Effective Reuse and Frequency Allocation Reuse
Relations
Equation shows the fixed relation between the effective and
frequency allocation reuses and the fractional load.

R
N
N
N
N
N
N
FAR
L
eff
freqsTOT
TRX
freqsTOT
freqs MA
freqs MA
TRX frac
= = =
/
/
Hard blocking

The whole radio resource is in use - no more calls can be established
due to lack of free radio timeslots.

Soft blocking

The capacity of individual cells is limited by the level of the interference
rather than the number of TRXs available

Dominates with large reuse factors
Is dominating with tight reuse patterns
What is a feasible reuse?
Hard/soft blocking
12
(no hopping)
9 3
reference
Erl/cell
+31%
+40%
BLOCKING TYPE: Hard Hard Soft
1
+30%
Soft
CALL DROP RATE:
0% 0.2%
2% 2%
Safe to implement
in practice
REUSE FACTOR:
(Freq. Allocation reuse)
6
Soft
2%
+33%
Load control needed
What is a feasible reuse?
Planning
Hopping strategy
Frequency planning
Flexibility
hopping with small configurations and small BW is possible
Maximum FH gain or easy allocation possible
hopping enabled over large number of frequencies
Number of antennas
in large configurations the number of antennas increases
HW dependencies
old BTS generations do not support RF-FH
wideband antenna coupling equipment needed (AFEs)
BCCH TRX is included (TSL1-7)
Less HW restrictions
supported by all BTS generations and combiners
minimum number of antennas required
Easy to Implement (switch on)
existing planning tools can be used
Limitations with small configurations and small BW
minimum of three TRXs in a cell should be used
limited FH gain with small configurations (< 3 TRX / cell)
Downlink PC range should be restricted to 10-14 dB

BB-FH
RF-FH
No simple answer, selection on case by case basis
Hopping strategy
BB-FH vs. RF-FH
Hopping strategy
Cyclic vs. Random Hopping Sequences
Both cyclic and random hopping modes are available in GSM.

In the cyclic mode the frequencies are changed sequentially from the lowest
frequency to the highest as defined in the MA-list.
In random mode the frequency to be used for each burst is selected from the
MA-list by a predefined pseudo random sequence. This means that the same
frequency may be used for a couple of consecutive bursts and the frequencies
are not used evenly in a short time scale.

As the number of frequencies becomes larger the difference between the
cyclic and the random mode becomes small.

For both:
Intracell HO to another timeslot always changes the interferers
Cyclic:
Optimum frequency diversity gain
Interference diversity gain NOT optimum
Risk of having one strong interferer to affect several consecutive bursts
Random:
Frequency diversity gain NOT optimum, especially with short MA lists
Interference diversity gain optimum
Hopping strategy
Cyclic:
In the areas where the interference is NOT a problem (low traffic
areas, <= 3 TRXs)
Random:
In the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic areas)
and long MA lists can be used (or >= 4 TRXs with BB FH)
Hopping strategy
Frequency planning
Frequency allocation strategies
BCCH band allocation
It must be decided whether to use a separate frequency band for the
BCCH carriers or use a common band for both the BCCH and the
normal TCH TRXs.

FAR vs. Frequency load
When preparing for a frequency allocation, some decisions have to be
made concerning the wanted frequency allocation reuse and the
corresponding frequency load.
BCCH Planning
Simulation results
Setup
108 cells with 3,4 and 5 TRX/cells, 27 channels and same load on BCCH and TCH TRXs
Common -> 27 frequencies (BCCH with reuse of 27, TCH was allocated by slow Adaptive
Channel Allocation (ACA))
Dedicated -> 12 frequencies were dedicated to the BCCH TRXs and the remaining 15
frequencies were used as TCH frequencies (ACA)
Mixed -> separated but not continuous band for the BCCH frequencies

Options

BCCH TCH
BCCH + TCH
BCCH
TCH
Dedicated band
Common band
Dedicated mixed band
BCCH Planning
Recommendations
Common band strategy
1-2 dB superior UL performance on BCCH TRX
better DL performance with small traffic load
DL performance on BCCH TRX decreases rapidly with high traffic loads
the common band strategy is better when the uplink is considered.

Dedicated band strategy
worse performance in UL direction
better performance in DL direction when high traffic load (DL performance 1-5 dB better on
TCH TRXs)
easier to operate
because of the stable and easily predictable behavior on the BCCH frequencies in the
downlink direction, the dedicated bands strategy is preferable.

Dedicated mixed band strategy
separated but not continuous band for the BCCH frequencies, for example, every 4
th

frequency is allocated for BCCH
adjacent channel interference is avoided between BCCH frequencies
TCH band causes adjacent channel interference for the BCCH frequencies and vice versa

Frequency planning
Introduction
Since frequency and interference diversity gains significantly depend on
the number of hopping frequencies, it is important to ensure that each cell
has enough hopping frequencies.
RF hopping with fractional load makes it possible to still provide sufficient
number of hopping frequencies to the cells even with small TRX configurations.

Decreased fractional load reduces the average channel utilization in the
network, thus reducing the probability that interference will occur, making
it possible to significantly decrease the frequency reuse distance.
Frequency planning
Max frequency load and traffic volume
The maximum frequency load on the hopping frequencies is determined by the
effective frequency reuse and frequency allocation scheme
For example, for the frequency allocation scheme 1/3 (FAR->3) and effective reuse ~6
the maximum peak hour frequency load can be about 30 % (simulated + trialed)
It is also important to ensure that the effective reuse is not too low to ensure a
good quality.
The following table contains an example of choosing the right FAR scheme to give
the best capacity gain.
As can be seen, the best capacity is got with the FAR 2-5.
The minimum effective reuse and maximum frequency load values are still under further
consideration. They might be too optimistic for some environments!
# of frequencies FAR MA list length
Max frequency
load
Traffic in Erlang # of TCHs Fractional load Effective reuse
1 21,0 8% 13,44 21 13% 8,00
2 10,5 20% 16,80 25 30% 6,72
3 7,0 30% 16,80 25 45% 6,72
4 5,3 40% 16,80 25 60% 6,72
5 4,2 50% 16,80 25 74% 6,72
6 3,5 55% 15,40 23 82% 7,30
7 3,0 60% 14,40 22 92% 7,64
8 2,6 65% 13,65 21 100% 8,00
9 2,3 70% 13,07 20 107% 8,40
21
3
2
1
1
1
2 2
3 3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
3
2
1
1
4
4
3
1 3
2
4
1
3
2
4
4
2
2
2
1
3
1
3
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
5
1
3
2
7
1
3
4
2
7
6 5
1
2
3
4
7
7
FAR
Worsening C/I at the cell border
Increasing collision probability
Max. frequency
load
8% 30% 40?% 70?%
Frequency planning
Frequency Allocation Reuse vs. Frequency Load
Frequency planning
Length of MA List
A good approach is first to determine the number of frequencies to hop over in
each cell.
To maximize the frequency and interference diversity gains, it is recommended to use at
least four frequencies in MA-lists (this is likely to require fractional load, especially if the
TRX configurations in the cells are small)
It is also important to ensure that the effective reuse is not too low to ensure a good
quality.

Cell_traffic_(Erl) * #_of_TRXs
#_of_TRXs*8 * #_of_freqs
= Lfreq
Cell_traffic_(Erl)
8 * Lfreq
= #_of_freqs
3
2
1
1
1
2 2
3 3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
3
2
1
1
4
4
3
1 3
2
4
1
3
2
4
4
2
2
2
1
3
1
3
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
5
1
3
2
7
1
3
4
2
7
6 5
1
2
3
4
7
7
FAR
Max. frequency
load
8% 30% 40?% 70?%
Min. effective
reuse
8 7 6.5? 7.5?
Frequency planning
Frequency Allocation Reuse vs. Frequency Load
Frequency planning
Initial frequency load in calculations
In practice, the network layout and the surrounding environment have a
significant effect on the highest possible frequency load.
Highly irregular network layout makes it very difficult to find a good frequency
allocation that minimizes interference in all parts of the network.
In that case, it might be necessary to restrict the maximum frequency load in
order to keep interference acceptable.
The recommended approach is to start with a low frequency load and then
increase it gradually until the quality threshold is reached.

It is beneficial to avoid big differences in the frequency loads caused by each cell.
If the frequency load across the network is kept relatively constant then the
interference will be distributed more evenly in the network

Check from the reuse
table if 1 FAR scheme is
possible
Calculate the
effective reuse
Do you prefer the maximum
capacity over good quality
Yes
Yes
No
Frequency allocation reuse
1 (=single MA list scheme)
Eff reuse 6,5 .. 7
3 ~ 5 or frequency sharing
No
Check from the reuse
table the possible FAR
schemes
Effective reuse > 8
Freq. alloc reuse 3 .. 7
Easy planning preferred
over high capacity
Calculate the MA list length in
a cell basis based on the
busy hour traffic estimate and
chosen FAR scheme
Calculate the average MA list length per area based on the average busy hour
traffic per area and 8% average frequency load
Eff. reuse and frequency load as a function of frequency
allocation reuse
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e

r
e
u
s
e
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

l
o
a
d
Ef f . reuse
Freq. load
Reuses and MA list Lengths
RF hopping
Planning cases
Single MA List Planning Case (1/1 FAR reuse)
RF FH with Fractional Load (FAR 3-5)
RF FH with Frequency Sharing
Average TRXs/cell : 3. 3
Site Cell TRX count
A 1 2
2 3
B 1 4
C 1 4
2 4
3 3
D 1 3
2 4
3 2
E 1 3
2 4
F 1 4
2 3
3 4
G 1 4
2 3
Hoppi ng
TRXs
1
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
Average frequency load 7.4 %
(max. 9.9 %) OK
21 frequencies
reserved for non-BCCH
TRXs
Effective reuse = 21 frequencies / 2.4 hopping TRXs per cell = 8.8 OK
Network layout:
Average hopping TRXs/cell : 2.4
A B
C
D
E
F
G
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
Average frequency load: 7.4%
Planning case
The benefit in single MA-list implementation is that no frequency planning is required,
because each cell have the same MA-list containing all the allocated frequencies
MAIO Planning
Since all the cells of a sectorised site are usually controlled by the same BCF, they
are frame synchronized. This means that the TDMA frame number is always the
same in the sectors of one site. Since the hopping sequence is derived from the
HSN and the TDMA frame number, the synchronization makes it possible avoid
interference between the sectors of one site.

To prevent intra cell and intra site interference the following requirements have to
be fulfilled:
All the sectors of one site have to be controlled by the same BCF
All the sectors of one site have to use the same HSN
MAIO planning have to be properly made

In order to guarantee interference diversity, a different HSN should be used in the
different sites located in the same area.
MAIO Planning
It should be checked whether the proper channel separations are possible with
allocated frequency band.
Channel separation for sectors
The minimum requirement for channel separation between sectors is 1.
However, in order to avoid constant adjacent channel interference between the sectors of the same
site, a separation of 2 is highly recommended.
Channel separation for TRXs
In order to avoid intra cell interference, the channel separation between the TRXs of the same cell
should be at least 2. Preferably the separation should be 3 or more.
The goal is to have a minimum channel separation of 2 between the sectors and 3
between the TRXs of the same cell

Parameters used for separation
MAIOoffset is used to control the channel separations between the sectors of the same
site.
MAIOstep defines the channel separation between the TRXs of the same cell. It is thus
used to guarantee that intra cell interference doesnt occur.
MAIO Planning
To check if the available frequency band (21 channels in the example) is enough,
the following equation is used.

The site to be investigated is the site with biggest TRX configurations that is in this case
site C having 3 sectors and 8 hopping TRXs.

As a result, it can be seen that the frequency band of 21 carriers is just enough to
allow the implementation of wanted channel separations even in the site with the
biggest TRX configurations.
The MAIO plan is now made for the Site C by using MAIOstep 3 and by selecting
the MAIOoffset parameters for the sectors so that the channel (=MAIO) separation
of 2 is realized between the sectors.

If more TRXs are later added, it should me made sure that the MAIO plan for that
site is still valid.
( )
min
/ / / /
N N N MAIOstep N S
freqs site TRX site cell site cell site
= +
21 2 3 3 ) 3 8 ( = +
Site C
The sectors share
the same HSN
MAIO Offset determines the
MAIO of the first hopping TRX
in each sector
MAIOs for the rest of the hopping TRXs are
determined by adding MAIO Step to the
MAIO of the previous hopping TRX
MAI value for each TDMA frame is calculated by BTS and
MS by using HSN and TDMA frame number
No co- or adjacent channel
interference between sectors
Transmitted frequencies for each TRX
during each TDMA frame
MAIO Planning Example
Site D
Site F
Site G
Site Cell TRX count
A 1 2
2 3
B 1 4
C 1 4
2 4
3 3
D 1 3
2 4
3 2
E 1 3
2 4
F 1 4
2 3
3 4
G 1 4
2 3
Hoppi ng
TRXs
1
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
19 frequencies reserved for non-BCCH TRXs
Network layout:
Average frequency load 30.7 %
(max. 34.6 %) OK
Frequency allocation reuse = 19 frequencies / 4.9 FH freqs per cell = 3.9 OK
A B
C
D
E
F
G
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
Average MA list length: 4.9
Average frequency load: 30.7%
Planning Case
The goal is to achieve the highest capacity by employing
very tight frequency reuse.
Consecutive carriers
allowed in the MA lists
MAIO
step
is set to 2
Fractional load in every sector is 50% or less
(fractional load = MAL_length / Nb_TRX)
No intra cell adjacent
channel interference!
Allowing Consecutive Frequencies in MA Lists when MAIOstep = 2
A B
C
D
E
F
G
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
Site Cell TRX count
A 1 2
2 3
B 1 4
C 1 4
2 4
3 3
D 1 3
2 4
3 2
E 1 3
2 4
F 1 4
2 3
3 4
G 1 4
2 3
Hoppi ng
TRXs
1
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
19 frequencies reserved for non-BCCH TRXs
Network layout:
The same MA list is shared among all
the sectors of one site
MAIO planning needed
Each cell has a sufficient number of hopping
frequencies even without fractional loading
Frequency allocation reuse = 19 frequencies / 5.4 FH freq.per cell = 3.5 OK
Average MA list length: 5.4
Planning Case
MAIO
Step
is 1
The sectors share
the same HSN
MAIO
offset
for each sector is set so that the
MAIOs for TRXs are in consecutive order
Frequencies for the MA list are planned with help of frequency planning
tool. Minimum separation is 2. Site F as an example.
Parameters
Hopping
Power control
Handover
FH Parameters
Object Parameter Description
MA Frequency MA-list. Used with RF FH BTS, max. 63 frequencies per list. BCCH frequency must not be included in
the list.
MA Identification of MA-list MA-list identification number in a BSC (1 - 128).
MA Type of MA-list Frequency band of the MA-list (GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900).
BTS BTS is hopping (HOP) The hopping mode of the BTS (BB, RF or N).
BTS Hopping sequence number 1 (HSN1) Hopping sequence number of the hopping group 1. In BB FH for the 0 time slots except the BCCH time
slot and in RF FH all the time slots of hopping TRXs (0 - 63).
BTS Hopping sequence number 2 (HSN2) Hopping sequence number of the hopping group 2. For the time slots 1-7. BB FH only (0 - 63).
BTS MAIO offset Defines the MAIO for the first TRX in the cell (0 - 62). Allows the sharing of the same MA-list
between multiple sectors of one BTS without intrasite collisions. Sectors must be under the same BCF.
Relevant in RF FH only.
BTS MAIO step Defines the step size that is used when the MAIO is calculated for the TRXs in the cell. Relevant in RF
FH only.
BTS Identification of MA-list MA-list id number identifying the MA-list that is allocated to that BTS. Relevant in RF FH only.
TRX Frequency (FREQ) Assign a frequency to a TRX (GSM900 1 - 124, 975 - 1023; GSM1800 512 - 885; GSM1900 313 -
810)
FH Parameters
To define a BB-hopping cell the following parameters have to be set:
BTS hopping mode (HOP) = BB
Hopping sequence number 1 (HSN1) = 0..63 (0 for cyclic hopping and 1..63 for
random sequences)
random sequences) (in most cases HSN1 may equal HSN2)
Fixed frequencies for each TRX (FREQ)

To define a RF-hopping cell the following parameters have to be set:
BTS hopping mode (HOP) = RF
MA-list, MA-list ID and MA-list type must be defined in BSC (max. 63 frequencies)
random sequences)
MAIO offset = 0..62
MAIO step = 0..62
MA-list ID used by the BTS = 0..128

PC Parameters
GROUP EXPLANATION Q3 NAME RANGE UNIT Setting
General Enable BTS power control powerCtrlEnabled Yes / No Yes
Min time interval between PC's powerControlInterval 0 ... 31 sec 1
Power increase step size powerIncrStepsize 2,4 or 6 dB 2
Power decrease step size powerRedStepsize 2 or 4 dB 2
BS tx max pwr preattenuation rfMaxPowerReduction 0 ... 12 dB 0
optional ave UL signal quality (BER)< 0.2 % pwrDecrLimitBand0 0 ... 38 dB 38
ave UL signal quality (BER) 0.2 % - 0.4 % pwrDecrLimitBand1 0 ... 38 dB 20
ave UL signal quality (BER) > 0.4 % pwrDecrLimitBand2 0 ... 38 dB 8
pwrDecrQualFactor 0 / 1 1
optional MS Power optimisation after HO msPwrOptLev -110 ... -47/ N dBm -79
BTS power range Max attenuation bsTxPwrMin 0 ... 30 dB 30
Min attenuation bsTxPwrMax 0 ... 30 dB 0
Averaging windows pcAveragingLevDL 1 ... 32 SACCH 1
weighting 1 ... 3 1
pcAveragingLevUL 1 ... 32 SACCH 1
weighting 1 ... 3 1
pcAveragingQualDL 1 ... 32 SACCH 1
weighting 1 ... 3 1
pcAveragingQualUL 1 ... 32 SACCH 1
weighting 1 ... 3 1

Power control has been found to improve the quality in FH networks and thus, it is
recommended to be used in both UL and DL directions.
In order to make the PC as fast as possible, the measurement averaging in BTS
should be disabled and aggressive power control parameters should be used.
PC Parameters

Power control is the most effective when the used TX power level is kept as low as
possible while still maintaining an acceptable link quality. To achieve this, a fast
and mainly RXQUAL driven power control is recommended.
Thresholds pcLowerThresholdsLevDL -110 ... -47 dBm -101
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
pcLowerThresholdsLevUL -110 ... -47 dBm -101
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
pcLowerThresholdsQualDL 0 ... 7 4
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
pcLowerThresholdsQualUL 0 ... 7 4
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
pcUpperThresholdsLevDL -110 ... -47 dBm -47
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
pcUpperThresholdsLevUL -110 ... -47 dBm -47
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
pcUpperThresholdsQualDL 0 ... 7 1
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
pcUpperThresholdsQualUL 0 ... 7 1
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
HO Parameters
Averaging adjacent Averaging window size for adj cells averagingWindowSizeAdjCell 1 ... 32 SACCH 8
cells Number of zero results allowed numberOfZeroResults 0 ... 7 7
Adj cells averaging: 6 best or 32 allAdjacentCellsAveraged Yes / No No
Averaging Method enaFastAveCallSetup Yes / No No
enaFastAveHo Yes / No No
enaFastAvePC Yes / No Yes
Minimum Intervals minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt 0 ... 30 sec 3
minIntBetweenHoReq 0 ... 30 sec 5
Periodic Handovers hoPeriodPBGT 0 ... 63 SACCH 6
HoPeriodUmbrella 0 ... 63 SACCH 6
HO types allowed enableIntraHoInterfUL Yes / No Yes
enableIntraHoInterfDL Yes / No Yes
enablePwrBudgetHandover Yes / No Yes
enableUmbrellaHandover Yes / No No
enableMSDistanceProcess Yes / No No
enableSDCCHHandover Yes / No Yes
Margins Enable HO margin for Lev and Qual enableHoMarginLevQual Yes / No Yes

hoMarginPBGT -24 ... 63 dB 4
hoMarginLev -24 ... 24 dB 3
hoMarginQual -24 ... 24 dB 0
Averaging windows hoAveragingLevDL 1 ... 32 SACCH 6
and weighting values weighting 1 ... 3 1
hoAveragingLevUL 1 ... 32 SACCH 6
weighting 1 ... 3 1
hoAveragingQualDL 1 ... 32 SACCH 1
weighting 1 ... 3 1
hoAveragingQualUL 1 ... 32 SACCH 1
weighting 1 ... 3 1
msDistanceAveragingParam 1 ... 32 SACCH 10
msSpeedAveraging 1 ... 32 SACCH 4

HO Parameters

Since FH and an aggressive power control cause significant changes in the
RXQUAL distribution, the RXQUAL thresholds triggering handovers have to be
adjusted accordingly. Normally, the RXQUAL thresholds have to be increased by 1
or 2 classes (RXQUAL 4 -> RXQUAL 5).
Also the HO speed should be fast enough but still slower than the PC speed, to
ensure that the PC will become triggered before HO
Thresholds hoThresholdsLevDL -110 ... -47 dBm -95
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
hoThresholdsLevUL -110 ... -47 dBm -95
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
hoThresholdsQualDL 0 ... 7 5
px 1 ... 32 3
nx 1 ... 32 4
hoThresholdsQualUL 0 ... 7 5
px 1 ... 32 3
nx 1 ... 32 4
hoThresholdsInterferenceDL -110 ... -47 dBm -85
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
hoThresholdsInterferenceUL -110 ... -47 dBm -85
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1
msDistanceHoThresholdParam 0 ... 63 TA 63
px 1 ... 32 1
nx 1 ... 32 1

Measurements
KPIs
The KPIs to analyze the performance and the quality of the network are
basically the same than in the non-hopping network.
Only the RXQUAL and Drop Call Rate measures differ from the non-
hopping case.
Worse RXQUAL can be tolerated when FH is used.
Drop call rate doesnt neither correlate directly to the quality, since with FH the
drop call rate tends to stay low even though the subjective speech quality were
not anymore acceptable.
With FH, the criteria for the cumulative uplink and downlink quality
distribution could be the following:
BSS related indicators Short term criteria Long term criteria
Uplink quality distribution 05, 95% 05, 98%
Downlink quality distribution 05, 95% 05, 98%

Difference in RXQUAL Distribution
nonFH <-> FH
When frequency allocation reuse gets tighter and tighter -> less samples
in quality class 0, more quality samples in classes 1-5
With PC the same effect can be seen
The more traffic load, the stronger the change in distribution
Bigger change in DL RXQUAL distribution

Worse RXQUAL doesnt necessarily mean worse subjective speech
quality!!
DL RXQUAL Distribution
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
q 0 q 1 q 2 q 3 q 4 q 5 q 6 q 7
Quality Classes
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

(
%
)
No FH
1/3 pure
1/3 heuristic
1/1
DL/UL RXQual Distribution
UL RXQUAL Distribution
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
q 0 q 1 q 2 q 3 q 4 q 5 q 6 q 7
Quality Classes
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

(
%
)
No FH
1/3 pure
1/3 heuristic
1/1
Subjective quality, laboratory tests
Steady quality/FER value (fast mobile or frequency hopping)
RXqual FER
0 - 4 good 0 - 4% good
5 slightly degraded 4 - 15% slightly degraded
6 degraded 15 - 35% degraded
7 useless >35% useless
RXQUAL and FER
Subjective speech quality
The FER is a measure of how successfully the speech frame was received after
the error correction process and it is thus a better indication of the subjective
speech quality compared to the RXQUAL which gives an estimate of the link
quality in terms of BER.

FER corresponds better to the subjective speech quality
FER doesnt match directly to RXQuality
FER / MOS values can be measured in DL direction with measurement system
UL FER available in OSS statistics. DL FER uses Enhanced Measurement Reports
It may be concluded that in the frequency hopping networks significant quality deterioration
starts at RXQUAL class 6 while in non-hopping network this happens at RXQUAL class 5.

Half rate
The interleaving depth of the TCH/HR is four instead of eight as it is in TCH/FR.
Because the interleaving has a significant effect on the successful error
correction of the speech frame, especially on the frequency hopping networks
utilizing low frequency allocation reuse and fractional loading, the performance
of frequency hopping may be reduced.
The use of cyclic hopping with even number of hopping frequencies should be
avoided in networks utilizing half rate. Since the half rate channel is transmitted
on every second TDMA frame, the usage of cyclic hopping with even number of
frequencies means that one half rate connection uses only half of the
frequencies. This problem doesnt occur if random hopping sequences are
used.
Extended cell range
Baseband hopping cannot be used.
Radio frequency (RF) hopping cannot be used in E-TRXs.
(E)GPRS
(E)GPRS supports both Baseband and Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Common BCCH
Frequency Hopping between the bands of operation is not supported.
The segment architecture enables having BTSs without a BCCH TRX. This reduces the
number of hopping groups in a BTS's regular area, because there is no need for a
separate group for the BCCH TRX in RF hopping.
DOCUMENTTYPE
BB hopping
PGSM900 BTS, EGSM900 BTS, GSM1800 BTS,
Three Hopping groups two hopping group two hopping group
RF hopping
PGSM900 BTS, EGSM900 BTS, GSM1800 BTS,
Two groups one hopping group one hopping group
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7 6 5 4 3 1 2 0
BTS configurations
Hardware support
Maximum configuration
Hardware support
BB hopping supported only
2nd generation BTS
BB and RF hopping support (RTC support BB hopping only)
Talk family with AFE
MetroSite (pseudo BB hopping)
UltraSite
FlexiEDGE

Frequency Sharing
The basic requirement in frequency sharing (e.g. 1/1 reuse, 3/3 reuse)
is that the cells at one site have to be controlled by the same BCF, so
that they are frame synchronized. Refer to the next slide.
Maximum BTS configurations supporting
Frequency Hopping
BTS type Baseband hopping Note RF hopping Note
Talk-family
Omni 12 TRXs 12 TRXs
Sectorised 4+4+4 TRXs 4+4+4 TRXs
MetroSite
Omni 4 TRXs 1) 4 TRXs
Sectorised 2+2 TRXs 1) 2+2 TRXs
UltraSite
Sectorised 2) 2)
Flexi EDGE
Sectorised 3) 3)
1) MetroSite BB hopping is pseudo-BB hopping. The same hopping group of the cell cannot include both normal TRXs and high-power TRXs.
2) UltraSite limitations for sector configuration are: a maximum of 12 TRXs / sector and a maximum of 6 sectors / BCF. Thus the possible
sector configurations go from 2+2+2+2+2+2 TRXs to 6+6 TRXs. The same hopping group of the cell cannot include both normal TRXs and
highpower TRXs.
3) Flexi EDGE limitations for sector configuration are: a maximum of 12 TRXs / sector, a maximum of 6 sectors / BCF and a maximum 24 TRXs /
BCF. The same hopping group of the cell cannot include both normal TRXs and double power TRXs or IDD TRXs when antenna or BB
hopping is used.
A 4+4 BTS is modified so that the whole site is RF hopping and uses one MA list.

Create the MA list (1) for the GSM band (EBE). The list includes frequencies
10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 and 21.
ZEBE:1,900:FREQ=10&11&12&13&14&15&16&17&18&19&20&21;
Lock the BTSs so that the hopping mode and hopping sequence number of the BTSs can be
modified (EQS).
ZEQS:BTS=1:L;
ZEQS:BTS=2:L;
Attach the MA list to the BTSs and define the MAIO offset and MAIO step values. Set the
hopping modes to RF hopping and define HSN1 (EQA, EQE).If the same frequencies are
used, make sure that the hopping channels do not overlap between sectors. Each frequency
is used only once during one frame period, provided that the HSN values are equal between
the sectors.
ZEQA:BTS=1:MAL=1,MO=0,MS=2;
The MS parameter will be available for use in the ZEQA command only if FLEX_MAIO_USAGE is activated. Use the
command ZWOA:2,466,A:; to activate it.
ZEQE:BTS=1:HOP=RF,HSN1=1;
ZEQA:BTS=2:MAL=1,MO=6,MS=2;
ZEQE:BTS=2:HOP=RF,HSN1=1;
Unlock the BTSs (EQS).
ZEQS:BTS=1:U;
ZEQS:BTS=2:U;
Example of a situation before activating Freeform RF
Hopping:

BCF=1
BTS=1 HOP=N
TRX=1 FREQ=1 CH0=MBCCHC
TRX=2 FREQ=10
TRX=3 FREQ=11
TRX=4 FREQ=12

BTS=2 HOP=N
TRX=5 FREQ=13
TRX=6 FREQ=14
TRX=7 FREQ=15
TRX=8 FREQ=3 CH0=MBCCHC
This is the example situation after the Freeform RF hopping
activation procedure has been completed:

MAL=1 FREQ=10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21
BCF=1

BTS=1 HOP=RF MAL=1 MO=0 MS=2 HSN1=1
TRX=1 FREQ=1 CH0=MBCCHC BCCH TRX does not hop.
TRX=2 MAIO=0 ! TRXs 2-7 hop over
TRX=3 MAIO=2 ! frequencies in MAL=1
TRX=4 MAIO=4 ! without collisions.
! The system allocates MAIOs
BTS=2 HOP=RF MAL=1 MO=6 MS=2 HSN1=1 ! for the RTSLs.
TRX=5 MAIO=6 !
TRX=6 MAIO=8 !
TRX=7 MAIO=10 !
TRX=8 FREQ=3 CH0=MBCCHC BCCH TRX does not hop.

Conclusions
RF FH offers a more flexible way to increase the capacity than BB FH and
works with narrow bandwidths and variable capacity requirements
1/1 reuse with MAIO management dont offer the maximum capacity gain
but offer an easy planning
Frequency allocation reuse 3-5 with intelligent planning tool offers the
maximum capacity gain and easy plan transfer to the network

Best capacity and quality is achieved with the right site selection and right
antenna installation + height
Cell specific (heuristic) frequency planning and frequency list planning
(FH) is required with every solution when the best quality is required
Theoretical frequency reuse factors will not provide good quality in a
challenging environment when the network layout planning is
compromised
FH considerations
Frequency and interference diversity gains?
Gain vs. reuse
BB or RF FH?
Cyclic or random sequence?
Channel separation?
Frequency allocation strategy?
Minimum Effective Reuses?
The Best Frequency Allocation reuse
Maximum frequency load?
PC / HO gain with FH?
PC / HO parameters?
Support of planning and optimization tools?
BER or subjective speech quality?

RF Hopping Workshop

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1 Nokia Siemens Networks RF hopping workshop / 19.01.2009.

RF Hopping Workshop (Nokia)

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