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Lec 5: Thermodynamic
properties, Pvt behavior
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For next time:
Read: 3-5
HW 3 due Sept 17

Outline:
Buoyancy and stability
Pure substances and processes
Property diagrams for pure substances

Important points:
How to calculate point of action of hydrostatic
load
The general shape of the property diagrams
How to solve problems using the property
diagrams

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Properties - Introduction
We have discussed extensive properties
such as U, m, and V (for volume) which
depend on the size or extent of a system,
and
Intensive properties such as u, v, T, and P
which are independent of system extent
(engineers are ambivalent about
nomenclature for pressure, sometimes
using p and P interchangeably)
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Important questions...
How many properties are needed to define
the state of a system?

How do we obtain those properties?
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For a simple system,
We may write: p = p(v,T)

or perhaps: v = v(p,T).
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Pure
Pure means of uniform and invariable
chemical composition (but more than
one molecular type is allowed). This
allows a single phase of air to be a pure
substance.

All our substances will be pure. We will
drop the use of the word. When we
refer to a simple system we mean one
filled with a pure substance--a simple,
pure system.
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For a simple, pure substance
y
1
= f(y
2
,y
3
), or
p = p(v,T), v = v(p,T) and T = T(p,v)
What do these equations define, in space?
Equations used to relate properties are
called equations of state
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Ideal gas law is a simple
equation of state
RT Pv
M
R
R
u

R
u
= universal gas constant
m = mass
n = number of moles
M = molar mass or molecular weight

mRT PV T nR PV
u

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Behavior of real substances
Lets consider substances that do not obey
the perfect gas law
certainly not as a solid
certainly not as a liquid
sometimes not very well as a gas
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Phase Change Process of a Pure
Substance
P=1 atm
T=20C
P=1 atm
T=100C
P=1 atm
T=100C
P=1 atm
T=250C
P=1 atm
T=100C
liquid liquid liq/vap
vapor vapor
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Consider a constant pressure
process (of water)
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T-v Diagram
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You should be able to discuss
characteristics of the following:
Liquid to liquid/vapor to vapor transition
(begin with a constant pressure
process).
Single phase regions--liquid, vapor,
solid.
Two-phase regions--liquid/vapor and
solid/vapor.
Melting--solid to liquid (freezing)
vaporization--liquid to vapor
(liquefaction)
sublimation--solid to vapor

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Notice the triple-state
line. Along this line all
three states exist in
equilibrium
For water, the triple point is at
273.16 K (32.018 F) and 0.6113 kPa
(0.0887 psia).
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Vapor Dome - region
encompassing the two-
phase, vapor-liquid
equilibrium region
Saturated vapor line
Saturated liquid line
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Critical Point
Point at which the saturated vapor and
saturated liquid lines coincide.
If T T
c
or P P
c
there is no clear
distinction between the superheated vapor
region and the compressed liquid region.
Substances in this region are sometimes
known as fluids rather than as vapors or
liquids.
By convention, if P P
c
, and T T
c
we refer
to the fluid as superheated. If P P
c
, and T
< T
c
we refer to the fluid as a subcooled or
compressed liquid.
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Phase Diagram (PT-coordinates)
P
T
Solid Phase
Region
Liquid
Phase
Region
Superheated Gas
Phase Region
Melting
Curve
Triple
State
Critical
State
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GAS @ g
GAS
State d
Weight
LIQUID
GAS
Weight
LIQUID @ a
P
T
g
P
T
g
d
P
T
g
d
a
Superheated
Vapor
Compressed
Liquid
Constant Temperature Process
Q
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P
T
b
Gas @ b Gas @ b
Q
GAS
STATE f
LIQUID
Q
GAS
LIQUID
Q
P
T
b
f
P
T
b
f
a
Superheated
Vapor
Subcooled
Liquid
Constant Pressure Process
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P
v
Superheated
Region
Saturation
Region
Subcooled
Region
Critical Point
Sat. Vapor
Line
Sat. Liquid
Line
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Saturation temperature
Temperature at which a phase change
takes place at a given pressure.

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Saturation pressure
Pressure at which a phase change takes
place at a given temperature.
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TEAMPLAY
Discuss what happens when water boils on
the stove at your residence. Start with a
pan of water at 70 F, 1 atm pressure.
Q
Continued on
next slide.
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TEAMPLAY (CONTINUED)
What is the pressure at various times
during the entire process?

Does the temperature of the water
change?

If the vapor (steam) were contained in
an elastic container, what would happen
as heat continued to be added after all
the liquid disappeared.

Sketch pV and TV diagrams.
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Saturation properties
Along the
saturated liquid
line, properties are
identified by the
subscript f
Along the
saturated vapor
line, properties are
identified by the
subscript g
Both sets of properties can be found in the
temperature and pressure tables in your
books appendices.
Both tables give the same data.
There are different tables for different
substances.
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Temperature
table (also
known as a
saturation
table)
Table A-4
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Pressure table
(also known
as a
saturation
table)
Table A-5
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[Two properties are not
independent in the vapor dome
(the two-phase region)]
The temperature and pressure are
uniquely related. Knowing a T defines the
P and vice versa.
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TEAMPLAY
Find, for Refrigerant 134a, the following
properties: the saturation pressure at
a saturation temperature of -10 F.
and find for the same substance the
saturation temperature at a pressure of
0.06 MPa.
Make sure everyone in your group
understands how to do this.