www.huawei.com Internal CDMA 1x Handoff Algorithm ISSUE 3.0 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2 Learning Guide What is Handoff in mobile network? What is the Search Window? How to optimize handoff parameters? HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 3 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Know handoff principle and classification. Know search window and key parameters. Master handoff tuning in network. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 4 Chapter 1 Basic Concept Chapter 2 Handoff in CDMA Chapter 3 Optimization Command HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5 What is handoff BTS_A BTS_B HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 6 Why do we need handoff To provide the continuous service for subscribers In wireless communications, during HO process, there is a high probability of call drop, which directly effects the system performance 90% of radio call drop occurs during handoff). Proper handoff algorithm can reduce system call drop and increase network capacity. Notice HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 7 How many kinds of handoff in CDMA Soft handoff It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before breaking the link with the serving sector. Softer handoff Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred among multi-sectors in the same base station. Hard handoff Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 8 Chapter 1 Basic Concept Chapter 2 Handoff in CDMA Chapter 3 Optimization Command HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 9 Soft Handoff It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before breaking the link with the serving sector. Soft handoff branches are selected by BSC. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 10 Soft Handoff CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset Handset continuously measures available pilots and report to the system System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), informs handset Handset assigns its fingers accordingly HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 11 Softer Handoff Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred among multi-sectors in the same base station. Softer handoff: Signal of different branches are combined in BTS. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 12 Questions Which channel signal strength from BTS should be compared by MS during HO process? How does MS identify which signal is better than others? HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 13 Searcher Correlator Pilot Sets Pilots of sectors actually in use Pilots mobile requested, but not yet being used by system Pilots being sent to mobile by system, as nearby sectors to measure Any pilots used by system but not already in the other sets Active Set Candidate Set Neighbor Set Remaining Set HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 14 Handoff Parameters Handset sends Pilot Strength Measurement Message to the system whenever It notices a pilot in neighbor or remaining set exceeds T_ADD An active set pilot drops below T_DROP for T_TDROP time A candidate pilot exceeds an active by T_COMP HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 15 How to implement Soft Handoff T_ADD T_DROP Pilot 1 Pilot Strength Pilot 2 T_TDROP Neighbor Set Candidate Set Active Set Neighbor Set TIME 1 2 3 4 5 6 Active Set
T_COMP HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 16 Hard Handoff MS assisted Hard handoff Pseudo pilot Hard handoff Hand down Hard handoff Direct Hard handoff Hard Handoff HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 17 MS Assisted Hard Handoff CFSRQM: Candidate Frequency Search Request Message CFSRSM: Candidate Frequency Search Response Message CFSCNM: Candidate Frequency Search Order Message CFSRPM: Candidate Frequency Search Report Message CFSRPM (Report) CFSCNM (Search Order) F 1 (serving) F 2 (candidate) GHDM (HHO) CFSRQM (Search Parameters) CFSRSM (Acceptance) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 18 Pseudo Pilot Hard Handoff F0 F3 F2 F1 F0 F1 F2 F0 Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Pilot Beacon F3 Pilot Beacon F1 Pilot Beacon F2 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 19 F0 Hand Down Hard Handoff F3 F2 F1 F0 F1 F2 F0 Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 20 Direct Hard Handoff F2 F1 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 21 Chapter 1 Basic Concept Chapter 2 Handoff in CDMA Chapter 3 Optimization Command HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 22 How to search pilot The purpose of SRCH-WIN set by MS is to capture the multi-path components, which arrived before or after the current signal. Based on experience, the SRCH-WIN should be set wide enough so that it can capture the signal, which has the maximum time delay due to multi-path. Search Window HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 23 SRCH-WIN Classification Currently MS uses three kinds of search windows, these are: SRCH-WIN-A used for searching the pilots in the active set and the candidate set SRCH-WIN-N used for searching the pilots in the neighbor set SRCH-WIN-R used for searching the pilots in the remain set
The MS fixes the width of the search window according to the system message. An MS can search the multi-path components of the available pilot signals within the setting. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 24 The Complete Picture of Handoff & Pilot Sets HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 25 Pilot Searching SRCH-WIN-A The MS can utilize the search window to search the pilots in the active set and the candidate set based on the PN code. For pilots in the active set and candidate set, the MS fixes the center of the search window at the moment, when the multi-path signal of the pilot reaches earliest.
SRCH-WIN-A The earliest arrived pilot PILOT PHASE HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 26 Pilot Searching SRCH-WIN-N Uses to monitor neighbor set , the size of this window is larger than SRCH-WIN-A. The distance is measured in term of chips (1 chips approximately covers 244m). The distance is measured in term of chips (1 chips approximately covers 244m). PN4 {
{
n chip offset with delayed signal necessary PN16 {
n chip offset because of the search center of active set {
Expected window HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 27 Pilot Searching SRCH-WIN-R Uses to track the remaining pilots. A typical requirement for the size of windows is, it should be equal or larger than SRCH-WIN-N. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 28 The Pilot Searchers Measurement Process HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 29 Delay budget and size of search window SRCH_WIN_A Width of SRCH_WIN_A (Chips) Delay Budget (ms) Available PN 0 4 T < 1.64 512 1 6 1.64 < T < 2.45 512 2 8 2.45 < T < 3.27 512 3 10 3.27 < T < 4.09 512 4 14 4.09 < T < 5.72 512 5 20 5.72 < T < 8.17 512 6 28 8.17 < T < 11.44 512 7 40 11.44 < T < 16.34 512 8 60 16.34 < T < 24.51 512 9 80 24.51 < T < 32.68 512 10 100 32.68 < T < 40.85 512 11 130 40.85 < T < 53.11 512 12 160 53.11 < T < 65.36 256 13 226 65.36 < T < 92.32 256 14 320 92.32 < T < 130.72 170 15 452 130.72 < T < 184.42 128 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 30 Questions Whether data service supports soft handoff? Considering the fact, high power may affect the system, whether soft handoff can be performed after reducing the rate? HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 31 How To Optimize Soft Handoff Reasonable coverage planning and BTS layout Reasonable setting of T_Add, T_Drop, T_TDROP Optimize the maximum branches in active handoff Reasonable planning of handoff region Reasonable setting of neighbor and neighbor priority HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 32 How To Optimize Soft Handoff MOD HO (Modify Handoff Parameters ) This command is executed to modify handoff parameters. Index: CN -- Cell number, SCTID -- Sector ID, CRRID -- Carrier ID. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 33 How To Optimize Soft Handoff MOD BSCHO (Modify Inter-BSC Handoff Parameters ) This command is executed to modify handoff parameters at system level. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 34 Optimize Intra-frequency Hard Handoff MOD HHOSF (Modify Same-Frequency HHO Parameters ) This command is executed to modify same-frequency hard handoff parameters. Index: CN -- Cell number, SCTID -- Sector ID, CRRID-- Carrier ID. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 35 Optimize MS Assistant Hard Handoff MOD HHOMA (Modify Mobile Assisted HHO Parameters ) This command is executed to modify the mobile assisted hard handoff parameters. Index: CN -- Cell number, SCTID -- Sector ID, CRRID -- Carrier ID. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 36 Optimize Pseudo Pilot Hard Handoff MOD HHOBPLT (Modify Pilot Beacon HHO Parameters ) This command is executed to modify pilot beacon hard handoff parameters. Index: CN -- Cell number, SCTID -- Sector ID, CRRID -- Carrier ID. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 37 Optimize Hand Down Hard Handoff MOD HNDDWN (Modify Hand down HHO Parameters ) This command is executed to modify handdown hard handoff parameters. Index: CN -- Cell number, SCTID -- Sector ID, CRRID -- Carrier ID. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 38 Optimize Direct Hard Handoff MOD DRCT (Modify Direct HHO Parameters ) This command is executed to modify direct hard handoff parameters. Index: CN -- Cell number, SCTID -- Sector ID, CRRID -- Carrier ID. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 39 Questions What is Handoff in mobile network? What is the Search Window? How to optimize handoff parameters? www.huawei.com Thank You