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Avogadros Number Notes

Avogadros Number Notes


The word dozen represents the number 12. This
is independent of the actual items (can be
doughnuts, marbles, atoms, etc)

In the same way, chemists use another word
called a mole to represent a different number.

One mole (it is often abbreviated to mol.) =
6.02 x 10
23

or
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Avogadros Number Notes
This number is important enough to get a name
(like dozen) because it can be used to calculate
how many atoms there are in an amount of
substance.

For any pure element, one mole of atoms will
weigh exactly the number in grams
corresponding to the atomic weight of the
element (found underneath the element symbol
on the periodic table).

For instance, 1 mol. of N atoms will weigh
14.007 g
It can also be said that 6.94 g of Lithium will
contain one mole of Li atoms (6.02 x 10
23
).

Conversions
In order to convert one unit to another:


Given info Units to convert into Units to convert into etc

Units to cancel Units to cancel etc

The Given info is what you started with, and the final answer is
everything multiplied and divided together (all units cancel out except
for the final units that you want to finish with)
Conversionsan example
Avogadros Number Notes
How many moles are there in 5 grams of Carbon?

5 g C x (1 mol. C atoms/12.01 g. C) =
0.4 moles C atoms

How many atoms are there in 5 grams of C?

0.4 mol C atoms x 6.02 x 10
23
= 2.4 x 10
23
C atoms
*you wont have to do this calculation much

If you have 2.2 moles of Al, how many grams?

2.2 mol Al x (26.98 g Al/1 mol Al atoms) = 59 g Al

See p. 324, 328, 329
Avogadros Number Notes
Calculating with moles is mostly helpful because
you will be able to predict the exact ratios of
elements in a substance even though the atomic
weights of the different elements may be different.

For instance, in a mole of water molecules, what is
the ratio of actual weights of hydrogen and oxygen
(not the ratio of # of atoms)?

1 mole of water molecules will have 1 mole of
oxygen atoms, and two moles of hydrogen atoms.
Avogadros Number Notes
To calculate the mass of 1 mole of oxygen atoms:
1 mol O x (15.99 g O/1 mol O atoms)= 15.99g O
To calculate the mass of 2 moles of hydrogen
atoms:
2 mol H x (1.007 g H/1 mol H atoms) = 2.01 g H
Total mass of 1 mole of water molecules =
15.99 g + 2.01 g = 18.0 grams
See p. 335-337

Avogadros Number Notes
Another calculation you can do is determine
the % composition (by weight) of one
element in a compound if you know the
name or the formula.

See p. 343.


Avogadros Number Notes
You can also infer the actual ratios of atoms
within compounds by comparing the weights
of the substances used to create it (finding
the empirical formula). A multiple of the
empirical formula in a covalent compound is
called a molecular formula.

See p. 345-350.
Hydrates
In ionic compounds
empirical formula tells
the ratio of atoms, and
the ions form lattice
structures of
alternating ions.
Hydrates
Sometimes there are gaps within the ions in the
lattice structure, leaving room for water
molecules to join. The ratio of water molecules
to the other ions depends on the size of the ions,
the charge of the ions, and the type of lattice
Such ionic compounds that can bind to water
molecules are called hydrates.
Hydrates
We can find the % of water in a hydrate in the
same way as when we found the % of a specific
element in the % composition
See p. 353.

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