SDH Basics

Girish Jere
SDH BASICS
What is SDH?
Characteristics of SDH
Bit Rates
Path and Section
SDH TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
What is SDH?

A New Digital Hierarchy
155.52 Mb/s, 622.08 Mb/s, 2488.32 Mb/s, 9953.28 Mb/s,
39813.120Mb/s
Existing PDH and future ATM signals are carried over
the SDH system.
Very basic functions are same as PDH.
Multiplex low bit rate digital signals to higher bit rate
and transmit large information efficiently.
What are the differences ?
Synchronous Network
Basically, all network elements work on a single clock
source.
Abundant Overhead Bits
To carry large information for Network Management.
Unified Interface and Multiplexing Specifications
Common to all countries.
Standardized optical interfaces.
What are the benefits? (1)
- Synchronous Network -
Simple multiplexing process
Easy access to tributary signals in a multiplexed high
bit rate signal.
ADD/DROP distribution
RING survivability
CROSS CONNECT capacity management
band width management
protection route diversity
1 4 0 M 1 4 0 M
3 4 M 3 4 M
8 M 8 M
2 M
D D F
A D D / D R O P M U X
P D H
S T M - 1 S T M - 1
M I N I X - C O N N
2 M
S D H
Simple Access to Tributaries
What are the benefits? (2)
- Overhead Bits
Realization of highly advanced Network
Management System for:
Fault management
Configuration management
Performance management
Security management
Accounting management


What are benefits SDH? (3)
- Unified Interface
Multi-vendor Environment
International Connection
What are SDH?
- in conclusion
SDH is the infrastructure for the telecommunication
network of the 21
st
century, providing board band and
intelligent services.

SDH Bit Rates
SDH
G.707
STM: Synchronous Transport Module
CEPT North America Japan
2.048 Mb/s 1.544 Mb/s 1.544 Mb/s
8.448 Mb/s 6.312 Mb/s 6.312 Mb/s
34.368 Mb/s 44.376 Mb/s 32.064 Mb/s
139.264 Mb/s 97.728 Mb/s
G.702
PDH
STM-256 39,813.120 Mb/s
STM-0 51.840 Mb/s
STM-64 9,953.280 Mb/s
STM-16 2,488.320 Mb/s
STM-4 622.080 Mb/s
STM-1 155.520 Mb/s
Path and Section
MUX LT LT MUX
Regenerator
Section
Multiplex Section
Path
Regenerator Regenerator
Section Section
REG REG
VC Processing STM-N Processing
MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE, FRAME
STRUCTURE AND POINTER
Multiplexing Structure
Frame Structure
Pointer
SDH TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
SDH Multiplexing Structure (1)
X1
AUG-64
Poi nt er pr ocessi ng
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
6312 kb/s
2048 kb/s
1544 kb/s C-11
C-12
C-2
34368 kb/s
44736 kb/s
139264 kb/s
C-3
VC-3 TU-3
TU-2
x 3
VC-2
VC-12
TU-12
VC-11
x 4
TU-11
x 1
C-4
TUG-2
x 7 x 7
TUG-3
x 1
x 3
AU-4 VC-4
VC-3 AU-3
x 3
x 1
AUG-1
C-4-4c
VC-4-256c AU-4-256c
C-4-16c
C-4-64c
C-4-256c
AUG-4
X1
AUG-256 STM-256
STM-64
STM-16
X1
STM-4
X1
STM-1
X1
STM-0
X1
VC-4-16c AUG-16
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
VC-4-64c AU-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-4c AU-4-4c
SDH Multiplexing Structure (2)
X1
AUG-64
Poi nt er pr ocessi ng
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
6312 kb/s
2048 kb/s
1544 kb/s C-11
C-12
C-2
34368 kb/s
44736 kb/s
139264 kb/s
C-3
VC-3 TU-3
TU-2
x 3
VC-2
VC-12
TU-12
VC-11
x 4
TU-11
x 1
C-4
TUG-2
x 7 x 7
TUG-3
x 1
x 3
AU-4 VC-4
VC-3 AU-3
x 3
x 1
AUG-1
C-4-4c
VC-4-256c AU-4-256c
C-4-16c
C-4-64c
C-4-256c
AUG-4
X1
AUG-256 STM-256
STM-64
STM-16
X1
STM-4
X1
STM-1
X1
STM-0
X1
VC-4-16c AUG-16
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
VC-4-64c AU-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-4c AU-4-4c
Multiplexing Process of SDH
Example: 2 Mb/s to STM-4
TUG-3 HO POH TUG-3 TUG-3
1 2 3
C-12 LO POH
S
AU-4 PTR
pointer offset value
TU-1 PTR
C-12
VC-12
TU-12
TUG-3
VC-4
AUG-1
2.048Mb/s
TU-1 PTR
TUG-2
TUG-2
PDH
SOH
AU-4 PTR
1
1
VC-12
VC-12
1
VC-4
AU-4
AUG-4
AUG-4
STM-4
pointer offset value
2.048Mb/s
AUG-1 AUG-1 AUG-1 AUG-1
TU-1 PTR
2
TU-1 PTR
3
1
2
VC-12 1
3
VC-12
1
TUG-2
7
1 2 3 4
VC-4
STM-1 Frame Structure
5
3
R-SOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M-SOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 4
( 1) ( 2) ( 9)
270 bytes
125 s
8 bits = 1 byte
270 columns
9
rows
125 s
( 1)
( 2)
( 9)
9 261
Payload Capacity
R-SOH
1 AU PTR
M-SOH
Byte Interleaved Multiplex and Frame Structure STM-N
STM-1 (AU-4) STM-N
N CBA N
NNN
STM-1
STM-1
AU-4
AAA
STM-1
BBB
CCC
STM-N
byte interleaved multiplexing
R SOH
M SOH
N
N
9 x N 261 x N
9 rows
125 s
STM-1
AU-4
AU-4
AU-4
CBA
AU PTRs
ABC NABC N
OVERHEAD AND MAPPING
Overhead
Mapping
SDH TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
STM-1 Frame Structure and SOH
RSOH
MSOH
AU PTR
STM-1 PAYLOAD
261 bytes 9 bytes
Section Overhead
9
r
o
w
s
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
}
}
: bytes reserved for national use
A1
A1 A1
A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
Function of SOH (1)
Framing (A1, A2)
Regenerator section trace (J0) regenerator section connection check
Data communication channel (D1-3) regenerator section DCC, 192 kb/s
(D4-12) multiplex section DCC, 576 kb/s
Order wire (E1) accessible at regenerators
(E2) accessible at multiplexers
User channel (F1) 64 kb/s clear channel
Error monitoring (B1) regenerator section BIP-8
(B2) multiplexer section BIP-24N
APS signaling (K1,2) automatic protection switching
(K2) also used as MS-AIS and MS-RDI
Synchronization status (S1) indication of quality level
Section status reporting (M1) REI (count of BIP-24N)
RDI ; Remote Defect Indication
(formerly FERF, Far End Receive Failure)
REI ; Remote Error Indication
(formerly FEBE, Far End Block Error)
MS ; Multiplex Section
DCC ; Data Communication Channel
A1
A1 A1
A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
}
}
: bytes reserved for national use
Function of SOH (2)
Framing (A1, A2)
Regenerator section trace (J0) regenerator section connection check
Data communication channel (D1-3) regenerator section DCC, 192 kb/s
(D4-12) multiplex section DCC, 576 kb/s
Order wire (E1) accessible at regenerators
(E2) accessible at multiplexers
User channel (F1) 64 kb/s clear channel
Error monitoring (B1) regenerator section BIP-8
(B2) multiplexer section BIP-24N
APS signaling (K1,2) automatic protection switching
(K2) also used as MS-RDI
Synchronization status (S1) indication of quality level
Section status reporting (M1) REI (count of BIP-24N)
RDI ; Remote Defect Indication
(formerly FERF, Far End Receive Failure)
REI ; Remote Error Indication
(formerly FEBE, Far End Block Error)
MS ; Multiplex Section
DCC ; Data Communication Channel
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
; bytes reserved for national use
}
}
End-to-End Maintenance Signal
AIS AIS
Low Order Path Section
High Order Path Section
Multiplex Section
Regenerator
Section
Regenerator
Section
LOVC HOVC LT REG LT HOVC LOVC
AIS AIS AIS AIS
LOP LOP
LOS
LOF
LOS
LOF
RDI (FERF)
RDI (FERF)
RDI (FERF)
REI (FEBE)
REI (FEBE)
REI (FEBE)
BIP-8 BIP-8
BIP-24N
BIP-2
BIP-8
MUX
Terminal Equipment
generation detection