The Blood

Objectives:
1. Describe the functions of the blood
2. Classify the different types of blood
3. Describe the anatomy of Erythrocytes relative to their function
4. Compare the function of the different leukocytes
5. Explain how and where blood cells are formed
6. Explain the clotting mechanism
7. Name the different blood groups

FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
1. Blood transport oxygen from the lungs where it enters the RBC to all
cells of the body. Oxygen is needed by the cell for cellular metabolism
2. Blood transport carbon dioxide from the cell where it is produced as a
waste product of cellular metabolism to the lungs to be expelled from
body
3. Blood carries nutrients, ions and water from the digestive tract to all
cells of the body
4. Blood transport waste products from the bodys cell to the sweat
gland and kidneys for excretion
5. Blood transport hormones from endocrine glands to target organs of
the body
6. Blood transport enzymes to body cells to regulate chemical processes
and chemical reactions
7. Blood helps regulate body pH through buffers and amino acids that it
carries

8. Blood plays role in the regulation of normal body temperature because
it contains large amount of water which is an excellent heat absorber
9. Blood helps prevent fluid loss when blood vessels are damaged
through its clotting mechanism
10. Blood plays a vital role in protecting the body against foreign
microorganism through its special combat-unit cells, leukocytes
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD CELLS AND THE
COMPOSITION OF PLASMA
ERYTHROCYTES make up about 95% of the volume of blood cells
LEUKOCYTES are divided into 2 sub categories:
1. Granular Leukocyte have granules in their cytoplasm
a. Neutrophil 60 70% of WBC
b. Eosinophil 2 4% of WBC
c. Basophil 0.5 1% of WBC
2. Agranular Leukocyte
a. Monocytes 3 8% of WBC
b. Lymphocytes 20 25% of WBC
THROMBOCYTES
ERYTHROCYTE or RED BLOOD CELLS
- Appear as biconcave disks with edges that are thicker than the center
of the cell, looking somewhat doughnut-shaped.
- They do not have nucleus, thus these cells do not divide.
- Lifespan: 120 days
- Cell size; 6 to 8 um in diameter
- Less 6 microcytes
- Normal normocytes
- More than 8 Macrocytes
- Variation in size Anisocytosis
- Variation in shape - Poikilocytosis
- NV: 4.5 to 5.5 x 10
12
/
L

LEUKOCYTES or WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- They are called White Blood Cells because they lack pigmentation
- Lifespan: 5 to 8 days
- Cell size: 9 to 15 u in diameter
- NV: 5 to 10 x 10
9
/
L

TYPE IMAGE APROX. %
IN HUMAN
DESCRIPTION


NEUTROPHIL


65%
Neutrophils deal with defense against
bacterial infection and other very small
inflammatory processes and are usually
first responders to bacterial infection;
their activity and death in large numbers
forms pus.


EOSINOPHIL


4%
Eosinophils primarily deal with
parasitic infections and an increase
in them may indicate such.


BASOPHIL


<1%
Basophils are chiefly responsible for
allergic and antigen response by
releasing the chemical histamine
causing inflammation





LYMPHOCYTE





25%
Lymphocytes are much more
common in the lymphatic system.
The blood has three types of
lymphocytes:
1. B Cells: make antibodies to
bind to pathogens
2. T cells: CD4+(helper)
coordinate the immune response
and are important for defense
against intracellular bacteria.
CD8+(cytotoxic) are able to kill
virus-infected cells
3. Natural killer cells




MONOCYTE




6%
Monocytes share the "vacuum
cleaner" (phagocytosis) function
of neutrophils, but are much
longer lived as they have an
additional role: they present
pieces of pathogens to T cells so
that the pathogens may be
recognised again and killed, or so
that an antibody response may
be mounted.
This normal peripheral smear demonstrates a segmented neutrophil and a lymphocyte.
This normal peripheral smear demonstrates a monocyte
This normal peripheral smear demonstrates an eosinophil and a
lymphocyte
This normal peripheral smear demonstrates a basophil, a segmented neutrophil, and a
lymphocyte.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Chemical Reactions in Blood Clotting
1. Injured Tissue thromboplastin prothrombin activator


2. Prothrombin thrombin



3. Soluble fibrinogen fibrin threads
Ca Ca
Prothrombin activator + Ca
thrombin
RBC Compatibility chart
In addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can
give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.
Recipient Donor
O- O+ A- A+ B- B+ AB- AB+
O-
O+
A-
A+
B-
B+
AB-
AB+
Genetic Inheritance Patterns
Parent Alleles

A B O
A
AA
(A)
AB
(AB)
AO
(A)
B
AB
(AB)
BB
(B)
BO
(B)
O
AO
(A)
BO
(B)
OO
(O)
Save life.
Donate Blood!!!