Chapter 3

Data Structures and

Abstract Data Type
Dr. Bernard Chen Ph.D.
University of Central Arkansas
Fall 2008
Outline
Introduction to Abstract Data Types
(ADTs)
Arrays
A first look an ADTs
Solving a problem involves processing data, and an
important part of the solution is the careful
organization of the data

In order to do that, we need to identify:
1. The collection of data items
2. Basic operation that must be performed on them

Abstract Data Type (ADT): a collection of data
items together with the operations on the data
Abstract Data Type (ADT)
The word abstract refers to the fact
that the data and the basic operations
defined on it are being studied
independently of how they are
implemented
We think about what can be done with
the data, not how it is done
ADT example
Implementation of ADT
An implementation of ADT consists of
storage structures to store the data
items and algorithms for basic
operation

Data Structures, Abstract Data
Types, and Implementations
Consider example of an airplane flight
with 10 seats to be assigned
Tasks
List available seats
Reserve a seat
How to store, access data?
Data Structures, Abstract Data
Types, and Implementations
Consider example of an airplane flight
with 10 seats to be assigned
Tasks
List available seats
Reserve a seat
How to store, access data?
10 individual variables

Use 10 individual variables
Algorithm to List available
seats

1. If seat1 == :
display 1
2. If seat2 == :
display 2
.
.
.
10. If seat10 == :
display 10

Algorithm to Reserve a seat

1. Set DONE to false
2. If seat1 == :
print do you want seat #1??
Get answer
if answer==Y:
set seat1 to X
set Done to True
3. If seat2 == :
print do you want seat #2??
Get answer
if answer==Y:
set seat2 to X
set Done to True
.
.
.

Data Structures, Abstract Data
Types, and Implementations
Consider example of an airplane flight
with 10 seats to be assigned
Tasks
List available seats
Reserve a seat
How to store, access data?
10 individual variables
An array of variables
Use Array
Algorithm to List available seats

For number ranging from 0 to max_seats-1, do:
If seat[number] == :
Display number

Algorithm to Reserve a seat

Readin number of seat to be reserved
If seat[number] is equal to :
set seat[number] to X
Else
Display a message that the seat having this number is
occupied
ADTs
In this simple example, it does illustrate the
concept of an Abstract Data Type

ADT consists of
1. The collection of data items
2. Basic operation that must be performed on them

In the example, a collection of data is a list of seats
The basic operations are (1) Scan the list to
determine which seats are occupied (2) change
seats status
Data Structure and Abstract
Data Type
The term of Data Structure and Abstract Data
Type are often used interchangeably

However, we use ADT when data is studied
at a logical level
The term data structure refers to a construct
in programming language that can be used to
store data
Outline
Introduction to Abstract Data Types
(ADTs)
Arrays
Array ADT
Collection of data elements
A fixed-size sequence of elements, all of
the same type

Basic Operations
Direct access to each element in the array
by specifying its position so that values can
be retrieved from or stored in that position
Different types of Array
One-dimensional array: only one index is
used
Multi-dimensional array: array involving
more than one index

Static array: the compiler determines how
memory will be allocated for the array
Dynamic array: memory allocation takes
place during execution
One-Dimensional Static Array
Syntax:
ElementType arrayName [CAPACITY];
ElementType arrayName [CAPACITY] =
{ initializer_list };
Example:
int b [10];
int b [10]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};

Array and ADT
Collection of data elements
A fixed-size sequence of elements, all of the same type

Basic Operations
Direct access to each element in the array by specifying its position so that
values can be retrieved from or stored in that position


An Array as an ADT C++ Array

Fixed size ----------------------specify the capacity of the array
Ordered-------------------------indices are numbered
0,1,2,,capacity-1
Same type of elements-------specify the element type
Direct access-------------------subscript operator[]

Example of array
Consider array a,b,c,d to store collection of 10
integers declared by:

int capacity=10
int a[capacity],
b[capacity]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10},
c[capacity]={1,2,3},
d[capacity]={0};

char name[capacity]=John Doe;

Array Output Function
Void display(int array[], int num_values)
{
for (int I = 0; i<num_values; i++)
cout<< array[i] << ;
}
Multidimensional Arrays

Consider a table of test scores for several
different students




Array of Array Declarations
An array of arrays
An array whose elements are other arrays
Array of Array Declarations
Each of the rows is itself a one
dimensional array of values
scoresTable[2]
is the whole row numbered 2
scoresTable [1][3]
Multidimensional Arrays
Syntax:
ElementType arrayName [num_rows][num_columns];


int scoretable [num_students][num_tests];

int scoretable[2][5]={{80,80,80,80,80},{60,60,60,60,60}};

If you want to change the score of first students 3
rd
test score to
100, you just need to do:
Scoretable[0][2]=100
Multidimensional Arrays



Consider multiple pages of the student grade book
typedef double
ThreeDimArray[NUM_ROWS][NUM_COLS][NUM_RANKS];