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#1


Understanding Protection
through
Digital Simulation

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Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt Ltd.

#2
Contents of presentation
Introduction

Resources required

Case studies
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#3
Introduction

Reliability of a power system operation :

Reliable : Equipment used in the system are in operation and
perform the function for which they are designed for.

Reliability Index : Performance index measured in terms of
customer load affected in a year or particular duration.


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#4
X
X
X
X
X
33
33/11
220/33
Transmission
Sub Transmission
Distribution
--Primary
--Secondary
Transmission & Distribution System
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#5
Methods to enhance reliability
Duplicate
every thing
Minimize the
outage time
during faults
Economics ?
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#6

How to achieve minimum outage ?

1. A good and integrated performance of power system relays.
2. Successful operation of relay for all short circuits in its zone.
3. Adequate backup protection for the faults in the adjoining
section.
Operations involved in protection engineering :
Periodic fault studies
Relay setting calculation
Checking and co-ordination studies
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#7
Difficulties :

* Wide variety of relays in operation.
* Functionality, Manufacturer, technology.
* System operational changes.
* System growth.
It is just impossible to overcome the above difficulties by a
human (Operator).

Only solution is through computer applications.
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#8
Resources required
Man Power
Computer
software
Computer
hardware
Resources required
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#9
Sl.
No.

Cricket Field
(Fielding side Bowler)
Protection field
(Protection Engineer)

1.

Positions the fielders Designs the system and sets the relays
2.

Bowls the ball Charges the system
3.

Batsman hits the ball Fault occurs
4.

Mid-off stops/fails Primary relay operates/ fails
5.

Long-off stops/ fails Backup relay operates / fails
6.

Boundary (Dropped?) Has to face enquiry commission
Protection - Cricket Field Analogy
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#10
Co-ordination with different departments:

Finance
Protection
Engineer
Manufacturer
/supplier
Field
Engineer
Planning/
Design
Operational
Load Despatch
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#11
System
Operational
Relay
RESULTS
SLD
Zooming
Windowing
Reports
Graphs
Loadflow
Short Circuit
Relay Co-ordination
Transient Stability
Over voltage
Degitizer
Mouse
Printer
Plotter
GUI (Graphic User Interface)
Peripheral support
system
Analysis Tools
Database
Computer Software
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#12
Database organisation
Load flow
Short Circuit
Results
Results
Relay
co-
ordination
setting
Transient
Stability
Studies
Large Volume of data
handling
Centralized Database Management System [CDMS]
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Requirements of CDMS :

Easy and simultaneous access to multiple users.
Consistency in the data representation with proper read/write
permissive.
Fast access and updating on user request.
Application program and hardware independent data structure.
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#14
Case Studies :


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Power flow to know
1. Normal load current
2. Worst contingency load current
3. Steady state over voltage
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#16
Fault calculation to determine
1. Fault current from various sources
2. Post fault voltage
3. Earth fault current
4. Primary and back up relay current
5. Temporary over voltage (during
single line to ground fault)

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#17
Fault study

1. Symmetrical AC current
2. DC off set current
3. Asymmetrical AC current
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DC off set current
1. Maximum at voltage zero
2. Minimum at voltage maximum
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Stability study
1. To determine the critical clearing time
2. To find the voltage and frequency variation in the grid.
3. Helps in relay setting calculations
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#20
Frequency plot

1. Under frequency and over frequency relay setting
2. Operate the system around designed values.
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#21
Impedance seen by the distance relay

1. Helps in distance relay setting calculations
2. Re-shaping the relay characteristic to avoid
third zone load encroachment
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Out of step operation
1. Out of step protection for the machine
2. Pole slipping relay
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Sustained fault on the machine terminal
1. Sub-transient current
2. Transient current
3. Steady state current
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#24
Loss of excitation
1. Machine draws very large reactive power from the grid.
2. Stator gets heated up
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#25
Loss of excitation relay
1. Off set mho relay
2. Off set of xd/2
3. Diameter of xd
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Capacitor charging
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#27
Inrush current capacitor charging
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Magnetizing inrush current
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VCB current chopping and voltage raise problem
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Conclusions:

Simulation studies help to understand the protection philosophy better
and increases the analytical skills.

It is possible to conduct post-mortem analysis on the grid
fault to arrive at better relaying functions and schemes.