Television System and

Broadcasting
Doordarshan Kendra Delhi
Summer Training
Presentation

Pankaj Bisht
B.Tech ECE
V semester
Broadcasting
Distribution of audio and/or video content to a dispersed audience via
any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using
the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a "one to many"
model.

The field of broadcasting includes a wide range of practices, from
relatively private exchanges such as amateur (ham) radio and
amateur television (ATV) and closed-circuit TV, to more general
uses such as public radio, community radio and commercial radio,
public television, and commercial television.


Broadcasting in India
Terrestrial
Earthbound broadcast from antenna towers here on Earth
Terrestrial TV also makes use of satellites, but rather than broadcasting directly
to a customers dish, they are broadcasting specifically for re-broadcast by local
network affiliates over their terrestrial antennas.

Satellite
Broadcast by communications satellites from outer space in geosynchronous orbit.

Internet
A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming
media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous
listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand.

TV Studio
Video productions take place, either for the
recording of live television to video tape,
acquisition of raw footage for post-production.

A professional television studio generally has several rooms, which are kept
separate for noise and practicality reasons.
These rooms are connected via intercom, and personnel will be divided
among these workplaces.
Parts of T.V studio

Action area
It is the areas were the artist performs the action
i.e. the program which is to broadcasted.

The main parts of action area are as follows:-
Camera head unit
Floor preparation
Audio connecter boxes
Lightning stand and color Light
Microphones
Video monitors for visual feedback from the production control room talkback
systemfor communication



Production Control Room (PCR)

The P.C.R includes-

A video monitor which monitors the PROGRAM,
VTRs, CAMERAS, GRAPHICS and other video sources.
Video monitors consists of series of television sets
or computer monitors which is capable of displaying
multiple sources.

A vision mixer, a large control panel used to select the video sources to be seen on air and in many
cases in any monitors on the set.

Digital video effects, or DVE, for manipulation of video sources.

The technical director watches the waveform of the video signals and directs the cameraman accordingly
for the high quality video signals.



Master Control Room (MCR)

Master control is the technical hub of a
broadcast operation.

MCR is the final point before a signal is
transmitted for broadcast.

MCR include banks of video monitors,
satellite receivers, videotape machines,
video servers, transmission equipment, and,
computer broadcast automation equipment
for recording and playback of television programming.

It checks the actual circuitry and connection boxes of vision mixer, DVE and character generator.

It also controls on-air signal. It may include controls to play back programs, switch local or network
feeds, satellite feeds and monitors the transmitter.


Character Generators
It creates the majority of names and graphics that is to be inserted into programs.

Control Appartus Room
It includes the power control room, UPS room and generator for uninterrupted power
supply.

Video Tape Recorder
Record video material, usually on a magnetic tape.

Other facilities
One or more make-up and changing rooms
A reception area for crew, talent, and visitors, commonly called the green room.
Earth Station
The earth-based
communications station
providing the
communication link to a communications satellite.
The earth station itself is usually an antenna that includes a low-noise amplifier,
a down-converter, as well as an electronics receiver.
The antenna itself can vary in size from at little at 3 to 30 meters, depending on its usage.

Uplink
(UL or U/L) is the portion of a communications link used for the transmission of signals from an Earth
terminal to a satellite

Downlink
(DL) is the link from a satellite to a ground station.



Television Transmitter
Electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna,
produces radio waves.

The transmitter itself generates
a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to
the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves.

10KW Transmitter for DD-NEWS 10KW Transmitter for DD-NATIONAL
TV TRANSMITTER TYPES
(A) VERY LOW POWER TX (VLPT)
TV TRANSMITTERS HAVING OUTPUT POWER
10 W , 50 W.

(B) LOW POWER Tx (LPT)
TV TRANSMITTERS HAVING OUTPUT POWER LESS
THAN 1KW AND MORE THAN 50W .
( 100W , 300W , 500W )

(C) HIGH POWER Tx (HPT)
TV TRANSMITTERS HAVING OUTPUT POWER 1KW AND ABOVE .
( 01KW , 10KW , 20KW, 30KW )

Satellite Broadcasting
Delivering television programmes by the
means of communications satellites.
The signals are received by an outdoor antenna, generally referred to as a
satellite dish, and as far as household usage is concerned, a satellite receiver
is either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite tuner
module built into a television set.
Satellite television tuners are also available as a card or a USB peripheral to
be attached to a personal computer.
Earth Station At DDK Delhi
Doordarshan Kendra Delhi has (8+1)-SD and (1+1)-HD uplink Digital Earth
station. This earth station uplink the programmes at C-band to INSAT- 4B
satellite on MCPC scheme.

The Satellite 4-B was launched in March 2007 by the European Ariane launch
vehicle. Configured with payloads identical to that of INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B carries
12 Ku-band and 12 C-band transponders to provide equivalent isotropically
radiated power ( EIRP) of 52 dBW and 39 dBW respectively. It is co-located with
INSAT-3A at 93.5 degree E-longitude.

The Digital earth stations C-Band Uplink Frequency is 5.85 to 6.425 GHz and
Downlink Frequency is 3.4 to 4.2 GHz. The uplink channels on (8+1)-SD are DD-
National , DD-Urdu, DD-Bharati, DD-India, DD-Sports, DD-Rajya Sabha, DD-Feed,
and DD-News. The Digital earth station is also uplinking the HD programme on
(1+1) i.e.DD-HD.


TELEVISION STANDARDS

NTSC - National Television Standards Committee
Developed in the US and first used in 1954, NTSC is the oldest existing broadcast
standard. It consists of 525 horizontal lines of display and 60 vertical lines.

SECAM - Systme lectronique pour Couleur avec Mmoire.
Developed in France and first used in 1967. It uses a 625-line vertical, 50-line horizontal
display.

PAL - Phase Alternating Line
Developed in Germany and first used in 1967. A variant of NTSC, PAL uses a 625/50-line
display.
PAL standard utilizes a wider channel bandwidth than NTSC which allows for better
picture quality.
TELEVISION STANDARD USED IN INDIA IS PAL.

Summary of the Analog TV Standards
fps lines Band-
width
(MHz)
B&W
Mod.
Colour
Mod.
Audio
Mod.
NTSC 30 525 6 AM QAM FM
PAL 25 625 7-8 AM QAM FM
SECAM 25 625 7-8 AM FM FM
15
DTH- Direct to Home Transmission
There are five major components involved in a direct to
home (DTH) satellite system:
the programming source, the broadcast center, the
satellite, the satellite dish and the receiver.

The satellites receive the signals from the broadcast
station and rebroadcast them to the ground.

The viewers dish picks up the signal from the satellite (or multiple satellites
in the same part of the sky) and passes it on to the receiver in the viewers
house.

The receiver processes the signal and Satellite & Cable TV passes it on to a
standard television.
The broadcast center converts all programming into a high-quality,
uncompressed digital stream. At this point, the stream contains a vast quantity
of data about 270 megabits per second (Mbps) for each channel.

In order to transmit the signal from there, the broadcast center has to compress
it. Otherwise, it would be too big for the satellite to handle.

The providers use the MPEG-2 compressed video format the same format used
to store movies on DVDs. With MPEG-2 compression, the provider can reduce the
270-Mbps stream to about 3 or 10 Mbps (depending on the type of programming).

With digital compression, a typical satellite can transmit about 200 channels.
Without digital compression, it can transmit about 30 channels.
Broadcast center
ENCRYPTION & TRANSMISION
After the video is compressed, the provider needs to encrypt it in order to
keep people from accessing it for free.
Encryption scrambles the digital data in such a way that it can only be
decrypted (converted back into usable data) if the receiver has the correct
decoding satellite receiver with decryption algorithm and security
keys.
Once the signal is compressed and encrypted, the broadcast center beams it
directly to one of its satellites.
The satellite picks up the signal, amplifies it and beams it back to Earth,
where viewers can pick it up.
Digitization in DD and AIR broadcasting
DRM - Digital Radio Mondiale

Set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the bands
currently used for AM broadcasting, particularly shortwave.
DRM can fit more channels than AM, at higher quality, into a given amount of
bandwidth.
DRM can deliver FM-comparable sound quality on frequencies below 30 MHz (long
wave, medium wave and short wave), which allow for very-long-distance signal
propagation.
DRM incorporates technology known as Emergency Warning Features that can
override other programming and activates radios on standby in order to receive
emergency broadcasts.
DRM and DTT
Why DRM?
Limitations of AM radio Broadcasting.
Low audio quality due to audio bandwidth limitations.
Susceptibility to atmospheric and electrical interference
AM radio signals can be severely disrupted in large urban centres by metal
structures, tall buildings and sources of radio frequency interference (RFI) and
electrical noise, such as electrical motors, fluorescent lights, or lightning.
DRM allow the new digital transmissions to co-exist with the current analogue
broadcasts.
In the VHF bands, DRM+ can be configured to use less spectrum than current
stereo FM broadcasts.
DRM provides support for Broadcasting in all frequency bands currently used for
AM and FM analogue radio.
Up to four services per frequency, each of which can be any mixture of audio
and data

DTT- Digital Terrestrial Transmission
Digital Television is the way of future, providing interference free
reception and remarkable picture & sound quality.
Features
Spectrum Efficiency
Multi-channel Capability
Immunity to Disturbance
Portable & Mobile TV
Enhanced services (such as Electronic Programme Guide)
Lower Power Operation

Thankyou