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This document provides an overview of the water treatment process at the Rawal Lake Water Treatment Plant in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The plant treats surface water from Rawal Lake in a multi-step process including screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to produce 28 million gallons per day of drinking water. The plant was initially constructed in 1962-1963 and has since undergone two expansions to increase its capacity and upgrade its systems. It employs conventional surface water treatment techniques to purify the raw water from Rawal Lake for distribution to residents in the Potohar region.
This document provides an overview of the water treatment process at the Rawal Lake Water Treatment Plant in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The plant treats surface water from Rawal Lake in a multi-step process including screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to produce 28 million gallons per day of drinking water. The plant was initially constructed in 1962-1963 and has since undergone two expansions to increase its capacity and upgrade its systems. It employs conventional surface water treatment techniques to purify the raw water from Rawal Lake for distribution to residents in the Potohar region.
This document provides an overview of the water treatment process at the Rawal Lake Water Treatment Plant in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The plant treats surface water from Rawal Lake in a multi-step process including screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to produce 28 million gallons per day of drinking water. The plant was initially constructed in 1962-1963 and has since undergone two expansions to increase its capacity and upgrade its systems. It employs conventional surface water treatment techniques to purify the raw water from Rawal Lake for distribution to residents in the Potohar region.
Water Treatment Plants 2 Water Flow Water Treatment Plants 3 Water Consumption Water provided for human consumption requires treatment in order to make it safe (potable) pleasant to taste (palatable)
Modern technology offers remarkable capabilities to accomplish these goals introduction of new and different pollutants cost of treating to required levels is a challenge for the water supply industry Water Treatment Plants 4 Water Demand Municipal water supplies are treated to be both palatable and potable, regardless of their intended use If each person uses about 100 litres of water per day Commercial and industrial users may increase that demand by more than 5 times Water Treatment Plants 5 Drinking Water - Quality Our water supply comes from two sources surface waters i.e. rivers, lakes and reservoirs groundwater, which is stored below the earth's surface Each source presents its own problems
Surface water has elevated levels of soil particles and algae, making the water turbid may contain pathogens
Groundwater has higher levels of dissolved organic matter (yellow color) and minerals such as iron Both sources may have high levels of calcium and magnesium (hardness) both can be contaminated by toxic chemicals Water Treatment Plants 6 Water Treatment Process Water Treatment Plants 7 Drinking Water Plant Water Treatment Plants 8 Untreated to Treated Water Water Treatment Plants 9 Conventional Surface Water Treatment Screening Coagulation Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection Storage Distribution Raw water Alum Polymers Cl 2
sludge sludge sludge Water Treatment Plants 10 Screening Removes large solids logs branches rags fish Simple process may incorporate a mechanized trash removal system Protects pumps and pipes in Water Treatment Plants
Water Treatment Plants 11 Coagulation Small particles are not removed efficiently by sedimentation because they settle too slowly they may also pass through filters easier to remove if they are clumped together Coagulated to form larger particles, but they don't because they have a negative charge repel each other (like two north poles of a magnet) In coagulation we add a chemical such as alum which produces positive charges to neutralize the negative charges on the particles particles can stick together forming larger particles more easily removed process involves addition of chemical (e.g. alum) rapid mixing to dissolve the chemical distribute it evenly throughout water Water Treatment Plants 12 Coagulants Aluminum Sulfate Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Ferrous Sulfate FeSO 4 Ferric Sulfate Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Ferric Chloride FeCl 3 Lime Ca(OH) 2
Aluminum salts are cheaper but iron salts are more effective over wider pH range
Factors for choosing a coagulant? 1. Easily available in all dry and liquid forms 2. Economical 3. Effective over wide range of pH 4. Produces less sludges 5. Less harmful for environment 6. Fast
Water Treatment Plants 13 Flocculation Now the particles have a neutral charge can stick together The water flows into a tank with paddles that provide slow mixing bring the small particles together to form larger particles called flocs Mixing is done quite slowly and gently in the flocculation step
If the mixing is too fast, the flocs will break apart into small particles that are difficult to remove by sedimentation or filtration. Water Treatment Plants 14 Sedimentation water flows to a tank called a sedimentation basin gravity causes the flocs to settle to the bottom Large particles settle more rapidly than small particles It would take a very long time for all particles to settle out and that would mean we would need a very large sedimentation basin. So the clarified water, with most of the particles removed, moves on to the filtration step where the finer particles are removed Water Treatment Plants 15 Filtration The filtration apparatus is a concrete box which contains sand (which does the filtering), gravel (which keeps the sand from getting out) and underdrain (where the filtered water exits) After the filter is operated for a while, the sand becomes clogged with particles and must be backwashed Flow through the filter is reversed and the sand and particles are suspended The particles are lighter than the sand, so they rise up and are flushed from the system. When backwashing is complete, the sand settles down onto the gravel, flow is reversed and the process begins again
Water Treatment Plants 16 Raw water Coagulation Aeration Flocculation Sedimentation Tank Water Treatment Plants 17 Water Treatment Plants 18 Disinfection With particles removed, it only remains to provide disinfection, so that no pathogens remain in the water Protozoan pathogens are large in size and have been removed with other particles Bacteria and viruses are now destroyed by addition of a disinfectant
Chlorination Enough chlorine is added so that some remains to go out in the water distribution system, protecting the public once the water leaves the plant Water Treatment Plants 19 Softening Areas where water comes into contact with limestone, there may be high levels of calcium and magnesium present these chemicals make the water "hard" Hardness is removed by a process called softening Two chemicals (lime, CaO and soda ash, Na 2 CO 3 ) are added to water causing the calcium and magnesium to form precipitates solid substance is then removed with the other particles by sedimentation and filtration Water Treatment Plants 20 Synthetic Organic Chemicals Water supplies can be contaminated with synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) from agricultural runoff or commercial and industrial sources such as the leaking underground storage tank These chemicals are not efficiently removed by the simple water treatment process These chemicals can be removed by passing the water through a layer of activated carbon in a column The carbon granules strongly attract organic chemicals removing them from the water by a process called adsorption When the carbon is full and can't hold any more chemical, it is removed from the column, heated to burn off contaminants and can then be re-used.
Water Treatment Plants 21 Distribution Pumping of the clean water produced at the treatment plant to the community is called distribution This can be done directly or by first pumping the water to reservoirs or water storage tanks Water Treatment Plants 22 Onsite Treatment Color, Taste and Odor The activated carbon technology used in municipal drinking water treatment can be applied in homes as well the carbon is contained in a "household-sized" column water passes through the carbon removing organic matter (which can cause a yellow color) and also compounds which cause unpleasant taste and odor Water Treatment Plants 23 Onsite Treatment At The Tap Home water treatment systems may also be installed at the tap Although the technologies vary somewhat among products, they typically include pre-filtration hardness and metals removal by ion exchange organic matter removal with activated carbon post-filtration Water Treatment Plants 24 US Bottled Water Sales Water Treatment Plants 25 Decrease in Tap Water Consumption Water Treatment Plants 26 Bottled Water vs Filtration System Water Treatment Plants 27 The Plastic Planet Water Treatment Plants 28 Implement A Project (5 Marks) Due Date: Wednesday, 10 th April, 2013 Low Cost Water Conservation Water Treatment Wastewater Treatment Safe Drinking Water for Flood Effected People Rainwater Harvesting Or Any Smart Idea related to Public Health Engineering Water Treatment Plants 29 Water Treatment Plants 30 Rawal Lake Water Treatment Plant Water Supply Water supply in Potohar region Groundwater- major source Groundwater is supplemented with treated surface water Disinfectants
Water Treatment Plants 32 Sources of Drinking Water in Rawalpindi Two main sources of water in Rawalpindi. Groundwater Groundwater with Tube wells located throughout the city 290 tube wells in WASA controlled area supplying approximately 28 MGD water to the residents of Rawalpindi. Surface water in the form of lakes Surface water is supplied from Khanpur Dam (14.6 MGD) through Sangjani Water Treatment Plant Rawal Lake through Rawal Lake Water Filtration Plant (23 MGD).
Water Treatment Plants 33 Ground- vs. Surface Water Groundwater constant composition high mineral content low turbidity low color low or no D.O. high hardness high Fe, Mn
Surface water variable composition low mineral content high turbidity colored D.O. present low hardness taste and odor
Water Treatment Plants 35 Main Components Screening Coagulation Aeration Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection or Chlorination Lime Dosing
Water Treatment Plants 36 Components Screening 3 Bar Screens. large pieces form of branches of trees leaves clothes plastic bags dead animal
Aeration 2 Blowers. Air flow @ 6 m 3 /min. remove taste and odor problems from incoming raw water Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level of water is enhanced by this process
Coagulation 2 geared drives shaft mounted mixers for alum mixing coagulant delivery pipes alum is added and rapidly mixed with water remove suspended particles in the form of turbidity
Water Treatment Plants 37 Components Flocculation Clarifier # 1 to 3 3 Mechanical Flocculation mounted on a central rotating full bridge with sludge scraper rotating bridge Clarifier Area = 475 m 2 Up flow velocity = 2.55 m/hr. Total flow = 336 L/s Clarifier # 4 4 flat bottom clarifiers Hydraulic flocculators (Vertical baffles) 16 sludge concentrator Cones Clarifier Area = 4 x 190 = 760 m 2 Up flow velocity = 2.2 m/hr. Total flow = 475 L/ s Coagulant is mixed through vertical baffling arrangements
Water Treatment Plants 38 Components Sedimentation large flocs are removed by gravity settling clear water is collected from the surface settled material (sludge) removed from sedimentation tank rotating vipers and sludge valves
Filtration removal of suspended non settleable solids from the drinking water supernatant water after sedimentation passed through a 1.4 meter column of silica sand effective size of 0.95mm ( 10 %) filtration rate of 5.4 m/hr. (average)-6.5 m/hr (Max)(110-130 glns/ft 2 . /hr.)
Filter Backwashing Conventional backwashing system includes Compressed air Air and Water Water Approximate time 12 to 20 minutes
Water Treatment Plants 39 Filter Backwash Sand is backwashed when It becomes clogged Turbidity of filtered water gets too high
During backwash, water is pumped upwards through the sand bed
Sand becomes fluidized, and particles are flushed from the sand
Dirty backwash water is pumped into a settling pond and either Recycled back into plant or Disposed
Backwashing can consume 1% to 5% of a plants production
Water Treatment Plants 40 Raw water Coagulation Aeration Flocculation Sedimentation Tank Water Treatment Plants 41 Water Treatment Plants 42 Components Disinfection or Chlorination Liquid chlorine is used for this purpose dosage rate varies from 1.5 to 2.0 mg chlorine per liter of water depending upon the level of contamination, pH, and temperature ensuring the residual chlorine upto 0.3-0.5 mg/l. Lime Dosing last unit process applied at Rawal Lake water filtration plant lime is used to adjust the pH of water
Water Treatment Plants 43 Disadvantages of Chlorination Chlorine is a dangerous chemical because 1. it irritates the respiratory system 2. it irritates the eyes 3. can form Trihalomethanes, THMs, which are possible carcinogens
Other disinfectant chemicals Ozone gas (O 3 ) Ultraviolet light (UV) Not as desirable because More expensive than chlorine Cant maintain a residual concentration
Water Treatment Plants 44 Water Quality Monitoring Program Water quality analysis laboratory regularly monitor and analyze the quality of water supplied through plant equipped with latest instruments and chemicals to test all the basic physico-chemical and biological parameters recommended by the World Health Organization Urban Water Supply & Sanitation Project Phase I
Water Treatment Plants 45 Serial No. Water Quality Parameter PHYSICAL PARAMETERS 1 Appearance 2 Color 3 Odor 4 Taste 5 Temperature 6 Turbidity CHEMICAL PARAMETERS 7 pH 8 Alkalinity 9 Hardness as CaCO 3
10 Electrical Conductivity 11 Sulphate 12 Calcium 13 Magnesium 14 Total Dissolved Solids 15 Chlorides 16 Residual Chlorine 17 Nitrate as NO 3 -
18 Nitrite as NO 2 -
BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 19 Total Coliform Count 20 Fecal Coliform Count TOXIC SUBSTANCES 21 Arsenic as As +3/+5
22 Cyanide as CN -
Water Treatment Plants 46 Treated Water Quality Turbidity. 1-3 NTU Color. Colorless Odor Unobjectionable pH 7.5 to 9.5 Residual Chlorine. 0.3 to 0.5 mg/L (at WW 1 and Topi WW) Coliform Bacteria Nil/100 ml
Water Treatment Plants 47 Rawal Lake Catchment Area Diplomatic Enclave Malpur Village Lakhwal Village Q.A. University Bari Imam Poultry Waste from Murree Bani Gala Village Noor Pur Shahan Filtration Plant WASA Kurrang River Chatter Park Water Treatment Plants 48 Upstream Water Treatment Plants 49 Shahdra Kass Water Treatment Plants 50 Bari Imam Water Treatment Plants 51 Bari Imam Water Treatment Plants 52 Bari Imam Water Treatment Plants 53 Bari Imam Water Treatment Plants 54 Human Activities at Korang River Water Treatment Plants 55 Quaid-e-Azam University Water Treatment Plants 56 Pictorial View - Filtration Plant RAWAL LAKE FILTRATION PLANT Water Treatment Plants 57 Intake Structure WASA WASA Water Treatment Plants 58 Main Building WASA Water Treatment Plants 59 Main Electrical Control Panel WASA Water Treatment Plants 60 Circular and Rectangular Clarifiers Rectangular Clarifier Circular Clarifier Filtration Media WASA Water Treatment Plants 61 Filtration System WASA WASA Water Treatment Plants 62 Filtered Water Collection System WASA Water Treatment Plants 63 Lime Dosing System WASA Water Treatment Plants 64 Safe Drinking Water How can you ensure that your drinking water is safe?
a) Boiling b) Storing it safely c) Drinking water from safe sources d) All of above Water Treatment Plants 65 Thank You