This series of powerpoint presentations explain, in a most systematic way, the

theory, principles, methods and problems in Engineering Drawing.

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Welcome to the class of Engineering Drawing!
Chapter 1 : Introduction to Engineering Drawing
Chapter 2 : Lines and lettering
Chapter 3 : Dimensioning
Chapter 4 : Geometrical Constructions
Chapter 5 : Scales
Chapter 6 : Engineering Curves
Chapter 7 : Loci of points
Chapter 8 : Theory of Projection
Chapter 9 : Multiview Orthographic Projections
Chapter 10 : Projections of Points
Chapter 11 : Projections of Lines
Chapter 12 : Auxiliary Plane Projection Method
Chapter 13 : Projections of Planes
Chapter 14 : Projections of Solids
Chapter 15 : Sections of Solids
Contd.
Chapter 16 : Theory of Development
Chapter 17 : Intersection of Surfaces of Solids
Chapter 18 : Isometric Projection
Chapter 19 : Perspective Projection
Chapter 20 : Interpretation of the Views
Chapter 21 : Freehand Drawing
Chapter 22 : Computer Aided Drafting

Computer Aided Drafting the users are advised to start AutoCAD & do the
practice simultaneously on their PC.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING

The role of engineers is to design & develop the products. In their business, engineers
have to prepare drawings to convey their ideas. The graphical language used by
engineers is called as Engineering Drawing. Just as a picture speaks thousands of
words, a complete technical drawing tells everything about the geometry of the product.

To draw accurate drawings, various instruments & accessories are used. These are
explained on next slide.
1.3 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES
1.3.1 Drawing Sheets and Papers
Drawing sheets and papers are the canvases on which drawings are
composed by pencils or pens. Drawing sheets are available in standard sizes.
Indian Standards (IS) for drawing sheets and drawing boards as
recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) are shown in Table 1.1.
1.3.2 Drawing Board
Drawing boards are used to support a drawing sheet or paper. They are made
up of soft wooden platens fastened together by two cross plates (battens),
Fig. 1.2. The working surface of the board is planned perfectly. A shorter edge
of the board carries a hard ebony strip fitted in a groove. This straight ebony
edge, perfectly lined up with the edge of the drawing board, provides the
guide for the T-square.
1.3.3 Mini Drafter
A mini drafter is a portable device used to draw parallel, inclined and
perpendicular lines speedily. It is mounted on a drawing board at the top left
corner. A drafter consists of a scale, a scale screw, a scale plate, steel bars, a
bar plate and a clamping mechanism, Fig. 1.3.
1.3.4 T-Square
A T-square is a T-shaped device used to draw straight horizontal lines. It
consists of a stock and a blade joined together at right angles, Fig. 1.4.
Set-squares
Two set squares(i) 45 set-square and (ii) 30 60 set-square, are the most
common drawing instruments. A protractor is usually included in a 45 set-
square, Fig. 1.5(a). The 30 60 set-square may include French curves in it,
Fig. 1.5(b).
Protractor
Protractor is used to draw and measure the angles. It is available separately
or as merged in 45 set-square.
Roller Scale
A roller scale is a handy device used to draw parallel and inclined lines. It is a
speedy device and may be used for practice in classrooms.
Compasses
Compasses are used to draw circles or arcs. Two sizes of compasses(i)
large compass and (ii) small spring bow compass are in common use. A
large compass consists of a needle leg and a pencil leg hinged together at
upper ends, Fig. 1.7(a). The two legs carry, respectively, a needle point and a
pencil point at their lower ends. The pencil point can be interchanged with a
pen point, Fig. 1.7(b). Lengthening bar, Fig. 1.7(c), is used to draw circles of
diameter greater than 150 mm. Small spring bow compasses are of two
types: bow pencil compass, Fig. 1.7(e) and Bow pen compass, Fig. 1.7(f).
Dividers
Dividers are used to transfer lengths from one place to other. They are also
used to set-off desired distance from the scale on the paper.
Pencils/Lead Pens
The quality of drawing largely depends on the selection and use of proper
grade of pencil. The grade of a pencil is printed near its blocked end. For
technical drawing, three grades of pencils, namely, H, 2H and HB are
recommended. A lead pen, Fig. 1.10, is an alternative to the pencil.
Lead Sticks
Lead sticks, Fig. 1.11, are used with compasses. HB and H grades are
frequently needed for technical drafting. The end of lead sticks must be
sharpened properly using sandpaper.
Pencil Sharpener
A pencil sharpener is a device used to mend the pencils. It conveniently
removes the wooden shell covering the lead. A common hand-held
sharpener, Fig. 1.12(a), is recommended.
Eraser
A non-dusting good quality eraser is recommended for erasing unwanted
part of the pencil drawing.
French Curve
A French curve is a template of freeform curves made up of acrylic or
celluloid, Fig. 1.14. It helps to draw a smooth curve passing through a
number of non-collinear points.
Circle Template
A transparent circle template made up of acrylic is used to draw circles of
different radii quickly. The circle templates should only be used to draw
circles of diameters smaller than 5 mm.
Lettering Set-squares
Small sized transparent \set-squares without any graduations on their edges,
Fig. 1.17, may be used for lettering purposes.
Lettering Template
Lettering template is a plastic plate on which letters are carved, Fig. 1.18. It
may be used for double stroke Gothic lettering (Section 2.3.4).
Drawing Clips, Pins and Adhesive Tape
Drawing clips, pins and adhesive tape are used to fix drawing paper/sheet
on the drawing board. Their use is explained in Fig. 1.21.
Sheet Container
A sheet container, Fig. 1.20, may be used to store and carry drawing sheets.
Sandpaper
Sandpaper (or sandpaper block) is used to sharpen the pencil lead and lead
sticks. Fine grade wood sandpaper, should be preferred.
Paper Napkins or Handkerchief
Paper napkins or a small handkerchief may be used to clean the drawing
sheet and drawing instruments frequently.
PRACTICAL LESSONS
Before the start of drawing work, the drafting table and other drawing instruments should be
cleaned properly. The user should also clean his or her hands. This helps to keep the
drawing work clean.
Clamping a Drawing Sheet on Drawing Board and Setting the Drafter
Refer Fig. 1.21.
1. Place a drawing board on a table top or any other suitable surface. A specially designed
drafting table (with a drawing board as a table top) may be used. The ebony edge of the
board should be on your left-hand side.
2. Place the drawing sheet on the drawing board. The bottom and right edges of the sheet
should be approximately 1 cm each from the corresponding edges of the board.
3. Fix a drawing clip (Clip 1) at bottom right corner of the board. See INSET 1 for proper clip
placement.
4. Loosen the clamping screw of the mini drafter. Carry the drafter gently over the board and
place its claming strap over the top left corner of the board such that two of the inner faces
of the strap will mate with the corresponding faces of the top edge of the board, INSET 2.
The distance of the clamp from the left edge of the board may be 5 mm to 10 mm, INSET
3. Tighten the clamping screw gently till the strap takes a firm grip on the board.
5. Move the drafter scale to the centre of the sheet. Loosen the scale screw and match the 0
degree mark on the degree scale with the mark on the scale plate, INSET 4. You must
look directly from above the 0 degree mark to avoid the parallax error. Tighten the scale
screw gently.
6. Move the drafter scale near the bottom edge of the sheet. Match the edge with the
horizontal scale of the drafter. The sheet may be moved up and down pivoting about the
Clip 1. Once the bottom edge of the sheet is matched perfectly with the horizontal scale,
place another clip (Clip 2) near the bottom left corner of the sheet. (If the sheet has a
printed drawing frame, then the bottom horizontal line of the frame should be matched
with the horizontal scale.) Now, move the scale to the top edge of the sheet, sliding gently
over the sheet, and place the third clip (Clip 3) near the top right corner of the sheet. Use
a drawing pin, INSET 5, or adhesive tape, INSET 6, to fix the top left corner of the sheet.
The pin should be inserted at a point approximately 1 cm each from top and left edge of
the sheet. In case of a sheet with a printed drawing frame, the pin should be placed
outside the frame.

Preparing the Pencil and Lead Sticks
A penknife may be used to remove the wooden shell from the unlettered end
of the pencil. Initially, around 35 mm length of shell should be removed to
uncover approximately 10 mm length of lead, Fig. 1.22(a). The lead end
should then be sharpened to a conical tip using a sandpaper. The sharp
conical tip should be converted to a rounded tip. The lead sticks to be used
in compasses may be sharpened using sandpaper in a similar way.
Preparing the Compass
Loosen the screw of the pencil point of the compass. Insert a lead stick of
appropriate length and prepared with tip as explained below. Adjust the
needle and lead so that the needle tip extends slightly more than the lead tip.
Working with Pencil
The pencil should be gripped at an approximate distance of 35 mm from the
lead tip, Fig.1.25. The pencil is usually held inclined at about 60 with the
paper. The slope of the pencil should be in the direction of the stroke of the
line. For horizontal lines, the pencil should slope up toward the right-hand
side. For vertical lines, it should slope up toward the user. The pencil may be
rotated slightly while drawing a line to ensure the uniformity in line
thickness.
Working with Set-squares
The set-squares, in combination with T-square, can be conveniently used to
draw lines inclined at 15, 30, 45 and so on. The positions of the set-
squares are shown in Fig. 1.26.
Drawing Margins and Title Block
Sufficient margins should be kept on all the sides of the drawing sheet. The
margin widths at the four sides of A2 size (trimmed) sheet are shown in Fig.
1.27. A thick drawing frame should be drawn after fixing the margin width.
Often, a longer frame line, say the bottom line, is drawn parallel to the
corresponding edge of the sheet.
The title block is located at the bottom right corner of the frame attached to
the frame lines, Fig. 1.27. It typically includes information like, name of the
organization, name of the designer or draftsman, drawing title, scale of the
drawing, etc. The projection method symbol is also included in the title
block.
TIPS FOR GOOD QUALITY DRAWING
1. Sharpen the tip of the pencil from time to time by using a penknife and sandpaper.
2. Sharpen the lead tip inserted in the compass frequently by sandpaper.
3. Use a proper grade of the pencil and/or lead, i.e., H, 2H or HB as the case may be.
4. Avoid frequent use of eraser.
5. Complete a line, circle or arc in one stroke only. Avoid overdrawing.
6. Maintain constant hand pressure while drawing a particular line, circle or arc.
7. Check frequently the 0 setting of the drafter scale.
8. Dont use a drafter to draw measured inclinations. Use a protractor for this purpose.
9. While moving the drafter scale from one point to another, care should be taken that it
does not rub with the drawing sheet.
10. Use a bow compass to draw smaller circles or arcs. A circle template should only be
used to draw circles or arcs having a diameter less than 5 mm.
11. Draw smooth curves (e.g., engineering curves, loci of points, sections of solids,
development, curves of intersection, etc.,) initially very lightly by freehand and then use
the French curve to make them sufficiently thick and uniform.
12. Use a paper napkin or clean handkerchief to clean away the rubbed particles from drawing
sheet.
13. Avoid the contact of drawing instruments with drawing sheet except during their actual
use.
14. Your drawing sheet gets stained by dirt on the drawing instruments, drawing board and
your hands. Keep all these always clean.
15. Protect your drawing sheet from all external factors which may spoil or make it dirty.
16. Before placing the drawing sheet inside the container, roll it properly and place a rubber-
band over it.