RES Policies.

The reasons responsible for the

delay in the development of wind
energy in Greece

Dimitris Siachos*, Nikitas-Spiros Koutsoukis**

*sc Mechanical Engineer, Degree in Business Administration, PhD student, Department of
Political Science and International Relations, University of Peloponnese.
** Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations,
University of Peloponnese.

Aeolos, in Greek mythology, was appointed as the cashier of
winds by Zeus. He invented the sails which move ships and
taught their use ....
Wind potential at 50 meters height for five different
topographic conditions (Copyright 1989 by Ris National
Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark
Sheltered terrain,
Open plain,
At a coast,
Open sea
Hills and ridges.
European Union policy on RES
Directive 96/92 / EC 'common rules for the internal energy
market "[9],
Directive 2001/77 / EC 'Promotion of electricity produced
from RES in the internal energy market "[10],
Directive 2002/91 / EC on the energy saving in buildings
[11],
Directive 2003/30 / EC on the promotion of biofuels or
other mild forms of energy for transport [12],
Directive 2003/54 / EC concerning common rules for the
internal market in electricity (essentially replacing the
96/92 / EC) [13],
Directive 2009/28 / EC "Promoting the use of energy from
renewable sources"
Communication from the Commission Com (2004) 366.,
Communication from the Commission Com (2006) 545 Action Plan for
Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential. ,
Communication from the Commission Com (2006) 848 Roadmap for
Renewable Energy - Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a
more sustainable future"
Communication from the Commission Com (2008) 30 Two times 20 to
the 2020 Climate change and opportunity".,
Communication from the Commission Com (2008) 768 Offshore Wind
Energy: Action needed to achieve the Energy Policy Objectives for 2020
and beyond".,
Communication from the Commission Com (2010) 2020 Europe 2020
Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth". ,
Communication from the Commission Com (2011) 31 Progress towards
the target for energy from renewable sources by 2020."
Working Documents SWD (2012) 343, SWD (2012) 344,

And finally:
Green Paper Com (2013) 169 The framework for climate and energy
policy for 2030"
Global cumulative installed Wind Capacity 1996-2013
(MW) (GWEO)

Cumulative Wind Power Installations in the EU (GW)
(WE)

Cumulative Wind Power Installations in Greece 1987-
2013 (MW) (ELETAEN)

wind capacity by country (MW) EU (15)
Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase %
Germany 14.609 33.730 19.121 131
Spain 6.202 22.959 16.757 270
Dunmark 3.110 4.772 1.662 53
Netherland 912 2.693 1.781 195
Italy 904 8.551 7.647 846
U.K. 649 10.531 9.882 1523
Suiden 399 4.470 4.071 1020
Greece 375 1.865 1.490 397
France 239 8.254 8.015 3354
Austria 415 1.684 1.269 306
Portugal 299 4.724 4.425 1480
Ireland 186 2.037 1.851 995
Belgium 68 1.651 1.583 2328
Finland 51 448 397 778
Luxemburg 22 58 36 164
wind capacity by country (MW) EU (28)
Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase %
Poland 57 3.390 3.333 5847
Latvia 24 62 38 158
Czech Republic 10 269 259 2590
Hungary 3 329 326 10867
Estonia 3 280 277 9233
Cyprus 2 147 145 7250
Lithuania 0 279 279 100
Malta 0 0 0 0
Slovakia 3 3 0 0
Slobenia 0 2 2 0
wind capacity by country (MW) REST Europe
Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase %
Norway 101 768 667 660
Ukraine 57 371 314 551
Switzerland 5 60 55 1100
Romaine 1 2.599 2.598 259800
wind capacity by country (MW) (others)
Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase %
Turkey 21 2.956 (End 2012: 500) 2.935 13976
Belarus 0 0 0 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0
Russia 0 15 15 0
wind capacity by country (MW) N.America
Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase %
USA 6.374 61.091 54.717 858
Canada 317 7.803 7.486 2362
Total N.America 6.691 68.894 62.203 930
wind capacity by country (MW) Rest World
Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase %
India 211 20.150 19.939 9450
japan 686 2.661 1.975 288
China 568 91.412 90.844 15994
Australia 198 3.239 3.041 1536
End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase %
Total Europe 4.809 121.474 116.665 2426
Total World 39.294 318.106 278.812 710
Total production of wind energy in the European Union and
distributed among Member States & Wind Energy Participation
in electricity generation to the Member States of the Europe.
(European Wind Agency Association)
Classification of countries according per capita installed wind
power (2013)

W/
0,87 Danish
0,48 Suiden
0,45 Ireland
0,44 Portugal
0,41 Germany
0,35 Spain
0,2 Austria
0,17 UK
0,16 Netherlands
0,17 Greece
0,15 Belgium
0,14 Italy
0,13 France
0,12 Luxembourg
0,08 Finland
The basic mechanisms of RES support which have been
developed Worldwide are:

In relation to the measurement of the
sale price of the energy produced
(Remuneration).
In relation to setting goals to the
penetration of RES (Target or Standard).
In relation to the way licensing works
(Permitting).
In relation to how to integrate into the
system of energy from RES (Grid
Integration).

In relation to the measurement of the
sale price of the energy produced
(Remuneration):

Feed-in tariff ( ),


Premium or Adder system ( ),
Auction or tendering system ( ),

Tax based (electricity) production incentives (
),

Spot market trading ( ),

Investment subsidy or tax credit ( ),

Tradable Green Certificate [e.g. REC/ ROC] ( ),

Concessionary finance through government supported agencies (
),

Concession on import duty ( ).






(Target or Standard):


Renewables Purchase Obligation or
Renewables Portfolio Standard (
),

Federal or statewise targets (binding or
indicative) -
( ).




(Permitting):


Project sitting guidelines
(

),

Project permitting
process (

).



(Grid
Integration):

Priority access
to the grid

Grid code

Range of major policy mechanisms and support schemes used over time in
the 12 studied markets. The chart illustrates the large number of policy
instruments available (rows), while the constant adaptations of the policy
regimes in a single country (columns) correspond to a learning process in
developing a policy framework for wind energy.
DANMARK
4.772 MW, 0,87W per capita
In 1970, Denmark was one of the most energy-dependent countries in the
world. The oil crisis 1973- 1974 was catastrophic.
99% of the country's energy needs were covered by imported coal and
imported oil. The balance between imports -Exports Denmark was very
negative while the pollution from the use of conventional fuels was great too.
AFTER 1975: The participation of renewable energy in energy consumption has
doubled while the corresponding contribution to electricity generation has tripled in
ten years, because:
the National Policy on Energy has remained constant for 20 years.
There was also a consensus of all political parties, and there was public consultation
and debate about environmental problems.
Government organized together development projects with investors of generating
companies.
The number of entities to needed to be a licensed onshore wind farm are only 5!!!


GERMANY
33.730MW, 0,41W /Capita

German government introduced in 1999 a special environmental tax, the
Eco-Tax Reform. The purpose of the new tax is to incorporate
environmental costs related with the production and use of energy. This
tax imposed on fossil fuels as well as in electricity.

Energy producers up to 2MW per establishment are excluded from the
tax. The receipts from the tax designed to be used for the promotion of
RES.

in Germany provided large sums for the promotion of research and
development for renewable energy technologies, feature is that the
Ministry of Environment has for this purpose amounts to around 40
million euros per year.

SPAIN
22.959 MW, 0,35W per capita
The development of wind farms in Spain from 1995 to 2005 was
really impressive. Spain is the second country in the EU installed
capacity in wind farms.
The main reasons for the development of wind farms are:
The very good quality wind energy potential.
The Spanish wind turbine construction companies are among the top of the
world. In Spain, the cost in / kw decreased from 1700 1986 to 865 in 2000
and 700 / kw in 2010.
Very good is also the institutional framework promotes safely RES
development.

Also, amended the tax code and included in this provision provides tax relief
of 10% for companies that invest in renewable energy.

Finally, in Spain there are several local programs and incentives for
investment in renewable energy.



NETHERLAND
2.693MW, 0,16 W per capita


In 2009 the institutional framework introduces green certificates, and
introduced Obligatory minimum share of electricity production from
RES. A green energy certificate proves that a manufacturer distributes
electricity to the grid a certain amount of electricity produced from
RES in a given period.
By the obligation of energy companies, to include the quantity of
electricity that distribute a minimum percentage of electricity which is
produced from RES, the trade of green certificates for renewable
energy boost. Furthermore, the Dutch government adopted an energy
tax (Regulatory energy tax).
This tax is levied on the consumption of energy from small and
medium-sized businesses and residential customers. Also, there are
significant tax reductions for investments in RES.

GREECE
1.865MW, 0,17W per capita
Grece has chosen to promote
RES only with the relatively
high guaranteed prices.

Prices of energy from RES in
Greece is similar to that in
Germany and Denmark,
proving that price alone is not
enough to develop renewable
energy.
Denmark also recently reduced
the price of the produced
energy from wind farms in all
new wind farms connected to
the network.

Conclusions
1. The issue of overregulation, unstable legal environment ambiguity and
bureaucracy led to aversion of investor interest. In our country there are
many laws on licensing wind farms, the provisions of which often conflict.

2. The lack of effective spatial framework and a forest register as the lack
of clarity of capabilities of land use and the possible involvement of any one
investment in the Council of State.

3. NIMBY Syndrome (the local communities came to speak for radioactive
installations for complete destruction of flora and fauna, even suspending
the reproduction ability of sheep and goats).

4. Our country chose with rigid stability the system of feed in tariff, and the
system of subsidy of the initial investment, but without consider
alternative and more flexible policies, eg copying stimulus given to Spain
through local programs. It is sad that there is no present in the country
neither a Mechanical workshop that is able to repair damage to the rotor of
the turbine already installed.

5. Finally, in Greece there is a complete lack of offshore wind farms.