The Instructional Design Process

November 9, 2000
Learning & Instruction
Define learning
Development of new KSA
Permanent change in behavior
Define instruction
Arrangement of the environment (media-
presented information) to facilitate learning
Instructional Need
How do you know if you have one?
Performance need is gap between existing
and desired behavior
Instructional need is a performance need
that can be solved by instruction (rather
than changes in resources, personnel, etc.)
Instructional design is...
The systematic process of translating
principles of learning and instruction into
specifications for instructional materials
and activities -Smith & Ragan

Producing a solution to an instructional
problem -Lockee
What does a designer do?
The primary role of the designer is to:

Decide what is important for students to
learn.
Effectively arrange the learning
environment (media) to maximize the
probability of individual student learning
(permanent changes in behavior).
Instructional Design is based on..
General Systems Theory
A set of interrelated and acting parts that
work together toward a common goal
Educational Psychology Theory
From Behaviorism to Constructivism
Communication Theory
Sender, receiver, feedback
Instructional Theory

What are the advantages of ID?
Focus on what learner will be able to do
as a result of the instruction
Linkage between components
Empirical and replicable process
Produces consistent instruction
Facilitates effective assessment
methods
Applicable across settings
ID Process: Step by Step
Needs analysis
Determine instructional goal
Analyze the instructional goal
Necessary entry behaviors
Step-by-step goal performance
Analyze learners and contexts
Prior knowledge
Learning environment
Application of skills and knowledge


Components of Systems
Approach
Write performance objectives
Very specific and measureable
Some include conditions
Develop assessment instruments
Emphasis on accurately measuring
behaviors
Now rather than later...


Components of Systems
Approach
Develop instructional strategies
Presentation of information
Practice and feedback
Testing
Follow-up activities
Develop instruction
Creation of materials
Deliverables which exemplify previous steps
Components of Systems
Approach
Conduct formative evaluation of
instruction
One-to-one prototype testing
Small group evaluation
Field testing
Revise instruction
Data from formative evaluation used to
assess whole process
Conduct summative evaluation

Or simply put...
Design
Develop
Evaluate

Sometimes called Instructional
Development
Basic ID Model
Dick & Carey, 1966
ID Resources
Dick, W. & Carey, L. (1996). The systematic design of
instruction (4th ed.). New York: HarperCollins College
Publishers.

Smith, P. & Ragan, T. (1999). Instructional design (2nd
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.

Gagne, R., Briggs, L., & Wager, W. (1992). Principles of
instructional design (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX:
Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

Shambaugh, R., & Magliaro, S. (1997). Mastering the
possibilities: A process approach to instructional
design. Allyn & Bacon: Boston.