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PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Introduction to petroleum geology

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ROCK TYPES
Magmatic (igneous) rocks - Cooling of lavas
Plutonic (crystallized)
Volcanic (amorphous)

Metamorphic rocks - Transformation of existing rocks
Temperature
Pressure

Sedimentary rocks Deposition on the Earths surface
Products of erosion (clastics)
Chemical precipitation (carbonates)

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Petrophysical characteristics
Grain : nature, shape
Inter-granular space :
Pores : void between grains
Matrix : during sedimentation
Cement : after sedimentation (diagenesis)
Parameters : porosity, permeability

The Petroleum Trilogy
Source rock
Reservoir rock
Seal rock

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBONS
Transformation of organic matter (O.M.) from dead fauna or flora


Accumulation & Preservation of O.M.

Modification of depositional conditions
Temperature
Pressure

Transformation of Kerogen into Hydrocarbons
Oil
Gas (Methane)

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FROM O.M. TO ACCUMULATION

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ACCUMULATION & PRESERVATION OF O.M.
Deposition & Accumulation
Origin of O.M.
Living organisms (animals, plants)
Continental areas, aquatic areas (lakes, seas)
No destruction before deposition (quick burial)

Preservation
Preservation of O.M. (conditions for future accumulation)
Fast protection against :
Bacterial destruction
Degradation by oxygen (in the air and dissolved in water)
Anoxic environment (i.e. lack of oxygen, also anaerobic)


Specific depositional conditions : anoxic environment and fine-grained sediment

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ACCUMULATION & PRESERVATION OF O.M.

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ORGANIC MATTER : SUMMARY
Preservation or destruction of O.M. depends on:
Sediment type
Sedimentation rate
Environment (e.g. energy level)

Geological environments (quiet)
Lakes
Deltas
Marine environments

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ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF O.M.

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ORGANIC MATTER & KEROGEN
Different origins of O.M. > different types of Kerogen
Type I : lakes (lacustrine algae)
Type II : open marine (zoo- & phyto-plankton, micro-organisms)
Type III : terrestrial vegetation (forests)
Type IV : oxidized terrestrial vegetation ( dead carbon )

Three steps of O.M. transformation
Diagenesis (burial, lithification)
Catagenesis (formation of Kerogen) > 60C
Metagenesis > 120C

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EVOLUTION OF O.M. & KEROGEN
Diagenesis : Bacterial degradation Immature step


Catagenesis : Thermal degradation > weak chemical links breaking Oil window


Metagenesis : Thermal degradation > strong chemical CC links breaking Gas window


60C
120C
60C
120C

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THE PETROLEUM SYSTEM

The Petroleum Trilogy
Source rock
Reservoir rock
Seal rock


Structural history of the basin
Deformation of layers and creation of traps
Subsidence and maturation of O.M. in existing source rocks
Thermal gradient and pressure modeling of the basin throughout time

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SOURCE ROCK
Definition
Sedimentary rock rich in O.M., having generated hydrocarbons
O.M. in the source rock ranges from 1 to 10%


Lithology
Very fine grained rock : shales, mudstones
Existing interbedded laminations [sediment/O.M.] > heterogeneity
Low permeability > Internal over-pressure associated with under-
compaction

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RESERVOIR ROCK
Definition : Reservoir = porous & permeable rock
Porosity
Origin : primary, secondary
Type : intergranular, intragranular, cracks & fractures
Permeability
Vertical, horizontal
Quality of porosity network (grain sorting)

Influence of diagenesis : from sediment to rock (lithification)
Main factors : pressure, temperature, fluid circulation
Results : compaction, cementation, re-crystallization, dissolution

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DIAGENETIC EFFECTS
Compaction
Fluid expulsion
Precipitation

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SORTING

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THE RESERVOIR TRILOGY
Porosity : volume of void in the rock (F in %)
Isolated porosity
Without connection between voids
Example : lavas
Connected porosity
Connected voids : porosity network
Example : sand

Permeability : ability for a fluid to flow through the rock (K in milliDarcy: mD)
Different types of permeability : Vertical, Horizontal, Relative

Saturation : volume of fluid in the pores (S in %)
S
w
: for water
S
hc
: for hydrocarbons
Matrix
Oil
Water

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EXAMPLES
Sandstone Oolithic limestone (G)
Bioclastic limestone (W) Bioclastic limestone

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Thin section (~ 2 cm)
Oil impregnated
sand reservoir
Oil
blob
Water
(resin)
Grain
(quartz)
Shale
(?)
EXAMPLE OF POROSITY