Cellular Concepts

And
Frequency allocation
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
RADIO IN LOCAL LOOP
LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF RF SPECTRUM
INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
INTERFERENCE AND SYSTEM CAPACITY
FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN
TRUNKING EFFICIENCY
CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT
CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS
FUTURE TRENDS

FERQUENCY SCARCITY PROBLEM
Tel
Ex.



WIRED NETWORK
100,000

50 Khz = 5 Ghz (NOT POSSIBLE)
Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended
But a Common group of channels is shared
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
Bandwidth requirements
The amount of frequency required depends
on
1) The No. of subscriber to be served in the
geographical service area( GSA)
2) The traffic that each user is expected to
have.
3) The channel bandwidth required for an
active duplex communication.

An example
-Let us examine the spectrum required to serve 1000
subscriber/sq.km in a base station of 3 km cell radius.
-Expected traffic that each user is say-----0.15 Erlang.
-Assuming that 32 kbps ADPCM voice coading is
used, the communication involving voice data,
signaling data & other overheads etc would required
at least 100KHz channel width for duplex
communication .

Solution.
Total area to be served will be
II r2 =3.14*3*3 =30 Sq.Km Approxi.--------------
--(1)
Total no.of subscriber that the base station of 3km
cell radious must serve will be
1000subscriber/sq.km* 30 Sq.Km
= 30,000subs-----------(2)
With 0.15 Erlang traffic per subscriber,the no
of channel (on demand) required will be
30,000subs * 0.15 Erlang traffic per sub
=4500 channels ------(3)
There fore,
Frequency spectrum required with 100khz
channel width for duplex voice
communication will be
4500 channels* 100khz =450000KHz
=450 MHz




Thus a frequency bandwidth of 450 MHz can
serve only 30,000 subs in abase station of 3Km
cell radious.
Imagine the bandwidth required for 5,00,000
Subs in a mobile network? Is it possible to
allocate such a large frequency spectrum to each
cellular operator ?

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

WHICH IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE ALLOCATED
HENCE FREQUENCY REUSE IS A MUST TO
COVER THE TOTAL SERVICE AREA WITH
A LIMITED AVAILABLE RF RESOURCES
HENCE THE NEED FOR A CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
Essential Principals of Cellular concepts
1. Low power
2. Frequency re-use
3. Cell splitting
4. Hand off
Geographical Separation:- Driven by-
1. C/ I Ratio
2. Fade Margin
3. Co-channel separation

The Cellular Approach
SIMULTANEOUS RE USE OF SAME
FREQUENCIES AT DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATIONS

SERVES MORE COVERAGE AREA
REQUIRES LESS RF BW TO COVER A GIVEN
AREA
FREQ. REUSE INTRODUCES INTERFERENCE
INTERFERENCE LIMITED SYSTEMS
COMPROMISE BETWEEN SPEECH QUALITY &
SYSTEM CAPACITY



CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

WHAT IS A CELL ?
A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF channels
is called a cell
Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile subscribers
within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area)
Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 KM (Mature)
OMNI DIRECTIONAL CELLS

1
2
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
A CLUSTER OF CELLS

4
5
6
7
2
3
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GIVEN FREQ.
RESOURCE

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
* The set of channels available in the system is
assigned to
a group of cells called a cluster
* No. of cells in a cluster determines the repeat
pattern N.
N may be 1,3,4,7,9,12 etc.
* Smaller the repeat pattern smaller the distance
between
co-channels leading to a higher co-channel
interference

1 4
2
1
3
5
6
7
2
6
3
4
5
7
D
R
CELLULAR PRINCIPLE N=7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency Reuse Pattern N=7
Given Freq Resource

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS


CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

CO-CHL INTERFERENCE
R
Co Chl Interference is
a Function of Q

Q =D / R



Lower Q Increased Co-Chl Interference
Higher Q Reduced Co-Chl Interference

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

Co- Chl Interference Reduction Technique
Antenna Front to Back Coupling Reduces Potential Interference
Use Directional Antennas Instead of Omni Directional Antennas
Potential Interferers Reduced from 6 to 2 in a three sector cell
*
1
2
3 f
1

f
2

f
3

Three Sectored Cell
Omni Directional
*
1
2
3 f
1

f
2

f
3

Three
Sectored Cell

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN
4/12
7/21

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

Start Up Cells With
Larger Diameter
Mature Cells With
Smaller Diameters
Cells in city centre
Smaller diameters
Cells in Sub-urban areas
Larger diameters

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN FUNDAMENTALS
HIGHER N IMPROVES S/I
HIGHER N REDUCES Traffic Chls /Cell
Reduced Traffic Handling Capacity
of the system
Increased RF Chs /Cell Further Increase in
Traffic Handling Capacity
of the System
Q = D/R = 3N = 6 ( S/ I)

Sectorization of Cells Reduced Interference

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

TRUNKING EFFICIENCY
More The Number Of Access Channels In A Cell
Further Increase In The System Handling Capacity
The Number Of Users Served In A Cell Are Directly
Proportional To The Access Channels Allocated In A Cell
TRUNKING EFFICIENCY
It is better to have a single cell than to split into two
with half the number of access channels
20

10

10

132 Subs
50 subs 50 subs
Frequency Re-use
In a given country with, say, two different GSM
networks will each use half the 124 (i.e. 62)
GSM-900 carriers
Clearly, even using TDMA technology this is an
extremely small number of carrier frequencies to
support a GSM network in a complete country
All cellular networks address this problem by
what is termed frequency re-use
Frequency Re-use
Frequency re-use means that the same set of
carrier frequencies being used in one cell can be
re-used in the network in a different cell
However, the cells re-using the same carriers must
not be adjacent as they would interfere with one
another
In practice, these cell must be distant from one
another
Typical re-use distance is 2.5 to 3 times the
cell radius
Cell Clusters
Cells in a cellular network are generally
grouped together into cell clusters
Cellular networks are generally designed as
a repeated cluster pattern
The number of cells in a cluster (typically
4,7, 12 or 21) is a trade-off between the
traffic capacity in the cluster and its
interference with the adjacent cluster of cells
(where the same frequencies will be re-used)

Trunking
In addition to frequency re-use, cellular
network utilise the concept of trunking
to support a very large number of
subscribers using a much smaller number
of channels (i.e. carriers)
This is achieved due to the fact that MS
access to a traffic channel in all cells is by
demand assignment
Trunking

They must first negotiate with the network
over a signalling channel to gain access to a
traffic channel for the duration of a call
As with all trunked systems, there is always the
possibility that subscribers will not be able to
access the network due to the limited number of
traffic channels available
Cellular network structure
Lower, middle & Upper cell
# The lower cell layer with rather small cells
(micro cells)
# The middle cell layer with medium size cells
(macro cells )
# The upper cell layer with large cells
(Umbrella cells )


Lower cell.
# It increases coverage quality & are located in
areas, where subscribers have communities of
interest (hot Spot) as well as areas that standard
cells cannot penetrate (dead spot )
# Small radious-100mtrs -1km
#Antennas- typically deployed below roof
level,low height, 7-10mtrs above ground
level,or mounted on street light &flag poles.
Lower cell.

# Frequency reuse- very extensive due to low
transmit power & the fact that buildings are
used as isolation.
# Slow or stationary mobiles are served by the
cells of the lower layer.



Middle cell

# Medium fast mobiles are served.
# This layer consist of macro- cells.

Upper cell.

# It covers areas that are large
compare to middle cells.
# It serves fast moving mobiles.
# It has also known as Umbrella
cell.
Public Land Mobile Network
INDIA has adopted GSM standard for PLMN.
Digital Cellular System.
Operates at 900 MHz & 1800 MHz.
International Roaming facility.
Power class 0.8 to 20W.
Cell Radius upto 35 Kms.
Maximum mobility speed 250 Km/hr.
Yuri Sherman