Rotating frame of reference

Sample
Magnetization
Response
Data















A conceptual block diagram of the pulsed Fourier
transform NMR experiment
Spectrum
Storage
Magnet
Perturbation
Detection
Fourier Transformation
If the magnetization can be moved away from its equilibrium position , then
precession occurs and a signal may be detected.

The displacement of the magnetization from equilibrium or excitation is
produced by the second magnetic field B
1
(with frequency
1
)

When frequency
1
=
0
= B
0 ,
magnetization moves towards the xy plane.

The final position of magnetization will depend upon the length of the time
for which the radiofrequency is applied. The angle through which the
magnetization is tipped from the z axis (flip angle or tip angle) is
= B
1
t
p

We measure the magnetization in the xy-plane, looking along the x-axis,
there will ideally be a sinusoidal variation in intensity with pulse width. The
signal will be a maximum for a tip angle of /2, a null at when the
magnetization is along tha z, a negative maximum at 3 /2 and null at 2 .

z
Absence of magnetic field
m
I
=+1/2

m
I
=-1/2

|
o
z, B
0
M
0

Presence of magnetic field
Phases of spins are random
L L
tv e e 2
0
= =
The Rotating Frame
z
x
y
radiofrequency pulse is applied along x in
order to interact with magnetisation and
the frequency of applied RF-field B
1
(t) is
close to spin resonance frequency. The
effect of the pulse is to tilt magnetisation
vector M
0
away from z axis
Linearly polarised
RF field
x
y
z
B
0
B
1
(t)

B(t)

B(t)

The Nature of Linear and Circularly Polarised
Fields


left
right linear
The linear field as sum of counter rotating circularly polarised
components
The Rotating Frame



linear field:
1
( ) cos
x rf
B t B t e =
+
B
R
(t)
B
L
(t)
B
1
(t)
only the component that rotates in
the same sense as the Larmor
precession of the spins is retained!
The other is hundreds of MHz
off-resonance
and will be ignored!
j
i
) sin cos (
2
) (
1
t j t i
B
t B
f
r
f
r R
e e + =
) sin cos (
2
) (
1
t j t i
B
t B
f
r
f
r L
e e =
L
e e =
0
z, B
0

) (
1
B
rf
e
) (
1
B
rf
e
x
timmel.chem.ox.ac.uk
x
y
z
B
0
B
1
(t)

B(t)

We have two fields
Move into rotating frame (sit on the carousel)
y
x
y
z
B
0
?
B
1
B?

timmel.chem.ox.ac.uk
L
e e =
0
z, B
0

) (
1
B
rf
e
timmel.chem.ox.ac.uk
L
e e =
0
z, B
0

) (
1
B
rf
e
L rf
B e e = ) (
1
0 1
) ( e e < B
rf
z, B
0

e e e / / ) (
0 0 rf rf
B B = = A
rf
e e
0
x
y
z
B
0
B
1
(t)

B(t)

x
y
z
B
1
B

We have two fields
Move into rotating frame
B
0
e
rf
/

The Rotating Frame of reference
View NMR experiment in rotating frame
which rotates about z-axis with angular frequency e
rf,
radiofrequency field B
1
now appears static; B
1
pulse is
simply a temporarily applied field orthogonal to B
0
x
z
x
y
z
before pulse
M aligned along z-axis of rotating
frame
during pulse
M precesses about the B
1
field along
the x-axis (onto y axis)
y
B
1

M
Pulses
x
y
z
angular frequency of precession
(nutation frequency)
1 1
B e =
angle through which M rotates
p
t
1
e u =
length of pulse
x
y
z
90
0
-degree pulse
transverse magnetisation
populations equalised
x
y
z
180
0
-degree pulse
inversion of equilibrium
magnetisation
IBT03AUTUMN2014@ googlegroups.com

mayasnair1@gmail.com

IBT03AUTUMN2014@ googlegroups.com

mayasnair1@gmail.com
Rotating frame of reference