INTRODUCTION TO

PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
I MADE BAKTA


2013

PHI LOSOPHY

TERMINOLOGY
PHILOSOPHIA
FALSAFAH
PHILOSOPHY
Etimology:
Philein Sophos
Philos sophia

The lover of wisdom
The friend of wisdom
PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY as:
Thinking Process

Way of life

Product of thinking
Philosophy
Philosophical knowledge
HOMO SAPIENS
Thinking creatures

Curiosity
Admiration
Problems

Philosophy as a thinking process, due
to:
Availability of tools of thinking:
Logics
Language

WHAT KIND OF THINKING?
Radical
Universal
Conceptual
Coherence and consistent
Systematic
Comprehensive
Critical
Free Thinking
Responbility
PHILOSOPHY
A way of critical, deep, holistic,
systematic thinking to understand the
REALITY as totality
A knowledge to comprehend of BEING
and REALITY with logic, not mythos
Through contemplation and reflexion
The goals are understanding the nature
and wisdom

Branches (domains) of
Philosophical study
Metaphysics
Epistemology
Axiology
METAPHYSICS
Meta ta physica come after physics
What is behind physics
The study of the ultimate nature of
reality and being

EPISTEMOLOGY
Episteem = knowledge
Logos = knowledge
Epsitemology: the knowledge of knowledge
The mother of knowledge
The theory of knowledge
Source, structure, methods and validity of knowledge
The fields of study:
- how to attain a knowledge
- the source of knowledge
- how to assess the a validity of
knowledge



AXIOLOGY
Axios : how to use
Logos : knowledge
Fields of study;
- Moral
- Ethics
- Aesthetics
What is the goals of the
Philosophical Study
A comprehension (understanding) of
Reality, and Being totally
To understand the Nature
To attain wisdom
KNOWLEDGE
All we know are knowledge
A consciously (cognitive) relation
between subject and object on a matter
KNOWLEDGE
Daily common knowledge
Philosophical knowledge (Philosophy)
Scientific knowledge (Science)
Theological knowledge (Religion)

Relation between Philosophy
and Science
In ancient Greek: philosophy and
science are studied by the same
experts.
In development: philosophy become
more general and in totality, but
science become more specific and
validated
Science become more complicated, has
many problems, asked philosopher to
solve this problem PHILOSOPHY OF
SCIENCE
PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
SCIENCE started from PHILOSOPHY,
and ended at PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE is the bridge
between PHILOSOPHY and SCIENCE (
Philip Frank)
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Branch of Philosopy that studied
Science totally.
Studied all aspects of Science
- Metaphysics/Ontology
- Epistemology
- Axiology
Philosophy of Science support Science
to solve the problems of Science
ONTOLOGY
What kind of knowledge that can
acknowledge as science
What is the limit and boundaries of
science
What is pseudoscience
EPISTEMOLOGY
To study
The source, structure, methods and
validity of science
The fields of study:
- how to attain a science (Scientific
Method)
- the source of science
- how to assess the validity of
science (Scientific Truth)

EPISTEMOLOGY
The Scientific Method
- Deducto-Inducto Verificative
- Hypothetico-Inducto Verificative
The Scientific Truth
- Corespondence Theory
- Coherence Theory
- Pragmatic Theory
AXIOLOGY
To study the implementation of Science
Moral obligation of Scientist
- science is related to values
- science is not related to values
science is just for science
Scientific Ethics
Aesthetic aspects of Science
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Philosophy of Science in General
Philosophy of Science in Specific
Sciences
- Philosophy of Law
- Philosophy of Humanities
- Phiolosophy of Education
- Philosophy of Medical Sciences
- Etc
PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICAL
SCIENCES
Ontological aspects
Epistemological aspects
Axiological aspects
ONTOLOGY
Problems in development of Medical
Sciences : discipline, subdiscipline, sub-
discipline
Pseudo medical sciences
Uncertainty in Medical Sciences
Evidence based Medicine
EPISTEMOLOGY
Trials in Medicine
Evidence-based Medicine

AXIOLOGY
Morals in Medicine cloning & stem
cell experiments

Medical Ethics
- Ethics in medical experiments
- Ethics in services for patients
MEDICAL ETHICS
Basic concept of Merdical Ethics
Primum no nocere first do no harm
(AHIMSA)
Primum tacere firm in truth (SATYAM)
say YES for truth, say No for untruth
Scientific Attitude
Creative and Inovative
Receptive and critical (scientific skepticism)
Independent and Courage in Truth
Holistic Thinking
Commitment to cultural values and
sensitive to problems of society
Scientific Honesty
Academic modesty

SUMMARY
Philosopy of Science and Philosophy of
Medical Science is very important for
medical students
Medical students should have the BEST:
- Hard skill
- Soft Skill
- Character (moral and ethics)
PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS
General
Comprehensive
Deep and intense
Speculative
Critical
Associated with values
Implicative