A.

Agung Putu Susastriawan

Jurusan Teknik Mesin IST. AKPRIND
TURBINE FRANCIS
The static pressure at the runner exit may be less than the atmospheric
pressure and as such, water fills all the passages of the runner blades.
The change in pressure while water is gliding over the blades is called
reaction pressure and is partly responsible for the rotation of the
runner.
A Francis turbine is suitable for medium heads (45 to 400 m) and
requires a relatively large quantity of water.
It is a reaction turbine developed by an English
born American Engineer, Sir J.B. Francis.
The water enters the turbine through the outer
periphery of the runner in the radial direction and
leaves the runner in the axial direction, and hence
it is called mixed flow turbine.
It is a reaction turbine and therefore only a part of
the available head is converted into the velocity
head before water enters the runner.
The pressure head goes on decreasing as the water
flows over the runner blades.
TURBINE FRANCIS
Komponen Turbin Francis
D
2
Spiral Casing
The spiral casing surrounds the runner completely.
Its area of cross section decreases gradually around the
circumference.
Water from the penstock pipes enters the spiral casing and
is distributed uniformly to the guide blades placed on the
periphery of a circle.
The casing should be strong enough to withstand the high
pressure.
Q
0
d
0
R
0

R
i
2
1 0
4
d v Q
i
=
t
gH K v
vi i
2 =
Flow rate air per sekon
dengan:
K
v1
= 0.15 0.2
(Bebanding terbalik dgn
specifik Speed)
Jumlah Air:
1
2
d R R
i o
+ =
t
u
R
o
terhadap
0
2
Q Q =
t
u
v
1
= Kecepatan Air pada Penstock
Guide Blades
Diameter guide blades
trailing edge:
N
gH K
N
u
D
u o

=
t t
2 60 60
0
0
K
u0
= 0.6-1.34 ~ Ns
Ketinggian Guides Blades:
0 0
0
m
v D
Q
B

=
t
dengan:
V
mo
=kecepatan radial pada exit
gH K v
vm m
2
0 0
=
K
vm0
= 0.15-0.35 ~ Ns
Z
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Ns 200 D
0
< 250 250-400 400-600 600-800 800-1000 1000-1250 1250-1700 >1700
Ns >200 <300 mm 300-450 450-750 750-1050 1050-1350 1350-1700 1700-2100 >2100
Jagdish Lal, Hidraulic Machines

Practical Value Antara Jumlah Guides Blades (Z
0
) dengan D
0
D
1

D
2

Inlet diameter:
N
gH K
N
u
D
u

=
t t
2 60 60
1 1
1
Outlet diameter:
0
2
4
m
v
Q
D

=
t
Francis Runner
Runner
The runners change the direction and magnitude of the fluid velocity
This process absorb the momentum from the fluid.
Draft Tube
1. to regain the lost static head due to higher level installation of the turbine
2. helps to recover part of the kinetic energy that otherwise may be lost at the
turbine outlet.
H
2
datum

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
g
V
H
g
V
H
H
g
V
H
g
V
H
f
h
2 2
2 2
2
3
3
2
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
1
q
H
3
H
1
Efisiensi Francis Sistem:
Kaplan Turbine
Kaplan Turbine: axial flow turbine
D
0
Diemeter Guide Wheel (D
0
)
N
gH k
D
ug
t
2 60
0
=
k
ug
1.3 to 2.25 : Higher values for high specific speeds
Kaplan Runner (Propeller Runner)
D
runner
D
hub
( )
N
H
N D
s runner

+ =
60
602 . 1 79 . 0 5 . 84
runner
s
hub
D
N
D
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
0951 . 0
25 . 0
486 . 0
827 . 39
H
N
s
=
Dengan statistical studies dari F. Schweiger and J.
Gregory, Kecepatan Specifik untuk Turbin Kaplan:
Power Yang Dihasilkan
oleh Kaplan Runner:
( ) ( )
}
=
blade
A
re ri blade blade total
V V U m d n P
Whirl Chamber
Guide Vanes
Whirl Chamber
a
b
Ruang/space antara guide wheel outlet dan Kaplan runner
a=0.13 D
runner


b=0.16 D
runner
.